eqi2 & 3 Flashcards
1
Q
what is outsourcing?
A
the movement of administrative and office work to an overseas country which was formerly done at home to take advantage of lower costs
2
Q
why do companies outsource?
A
- shares the risk
- maximise profit
- huge workforce
- pressure off system
- better quality
3
Q
why did England outsource to india?
A
- commonwealth links
- english is spoken and well taught
- IT is taught in schools
- low wages
- specialist companies are starting to appear
- 3.5 million uni graduates per year `
4
Q
how does the UK benefit from outsourcing to India?
A
- labour costs in call centres in the UK range from £18 -£20,000 and in India they are 2,500
- companies claim they operate more efficiently
- outsourcing reduces costs which leads to greater profits
- up to 40% cost saving
5
Q
how does India benefit from being outsourced to?
A
- provides 3-4 million jobs
- gender inequality is reduced
- more jobs made in LEDCs than lost in MEDCs
- younger people have high incomes to support the aged
- outsourced jobs have above average salaries
6
Q
how does UK lose out because of outsourcing to India?
A
- may contribute to negative multiplier effect
- most jobs are lost from areas which have already been de-industrialised
- 200,000 jobs lost
- mainly women who lose their jobs
- some skilled jobs are leave the NICs as well - job insecurity
7
Q
how will India lose out because of being outsourced to?
A
- abuse from customers may create anti-western feelings
- job titles makes workers feel smaller
- the economy may become reliant on unskilled work
- learning english accents may lead to westernisation
- exploitation of child labour
7
Q
what is a switched on country?
A
nations, regions or cities that are strongly connected to other places through the production and consumption of goods, services and culture
8
Q
what is switched off?
A
countries which are poorly connected
9
Q
what are physical reasons why a country switched off?
A
- cold/icy or difficult to access
- inhabitable
- poor
- warzone
- underpopulated
- desert
- vulnerability to climate change
- lack of natural resources
10
Q
what are human reasons why a country is switched off?
A
- resources controlled by socially elite
- lack of education deters investors
- ethnic and religious tensions
- political isolation
- civil war
- poor agricultural resources
11
Q
what is the KOF index?
A
created by Swiss economic institute and it measures:
- economic
- social
- political globalisation
12
Q
how does KOF meaure economic globalisation?
A
cross border transactions and the volume of FDI
13
Q
how does KOF measure social globalisation?
A
cross border contacts and information flows (e.g. social media)
presence of ikeas and mcdonalds
14
Q
how does KOF measure political globalisation?
A
number of foreign embasises in the country
countries membership of different international organisations
15
Q
what are issues with the KOF index?
A
- it does not deal with domestic variation in globalisation
- some of its 24 variables are outdated such as newspaper sales per capita
- it fails to take into account the black market e.g. drugs
- fewer missing or estimated data is increasing accuracy and commparability
- domestic markets are ignored
16
Q
what is the AT Kearney index?
A
the AT Kearney indices are created by the carnegie endowment for international peace think tank and it uses indicators spread across 4 categories:
- economic intergration
- technological connectivity
- political engagement
- personal contact
17
Q
what are problems with AT Kearney index?
A
- only includes 62 countries though these include 84% of the world’s pop and 96% of global GDP
- small european countries dominate the top 20 as they have more FDI indicators
18
Q
what is global shift?
A
the global shift refers to the major shift in the locatio of manufacturing industries as a result of globalisation
19
Q
why did global shift occur?
A
FDI flows as a result of TNC movement into these nations:
- better transport
- better communication
- better ICT
- increased access to markets
- improved cultural awareness
20
Q
what are the positive local impacts of globalisation?
A
- different cultures mix bringing new ideas
- greater variation of shops and restaurants on the high street to cater for different cultures
21
Q
what are the negative local effects of globalisation?
A
- big supermarkets put community services such as milk deliveries out of service - impacts the elderly
- high streets become clone towns as the same chain shops open in every town
- local farmers can’t compete with cheap food imports
22
Q
what are the positive national impacts of globalisation?
A
- open door policies such as China’s and UK’s attract FDI that brings money and jobs to countries
- immigrants increase the economically active age group and reduce dependency ratios
23
Q
what are the negative national impacts of globalisation?
A
- 70% of deforestation in the Amazon is to clear forest for cattle ranching to supply the world’s increasing demand for cheap supply
- loss of sovereinty
24
what are the positive global impacts of globalisation?
- much larger choice of goods as products are traded globally
- tech progress
- small villages benefit from some tourism as people go in search of their ancestry
25
what are the negative global impacts of globalisation?
- TNCs can quickly remove their business from a country causing a loss of jobs and tax
- TNCs take over businesses
- financial crisis in one part of the world impacts other parts of the world
26
what is a world city?
cities which may not have a large population but have important social, cultural, political or economic importance
27
what are million cities?
cities with over 1 million inhabitants
28
what are mega cities?
cities with populations of over 10 million
29
what are meta cities?
cities with a population of over 20 million
30
how do cities grow through natural increase?
due to age selective migration - young people takin gpart in rural to urban migration want to settle and have families
- better healthcare than rural areas and higher incomes
31
how do cities grow through rural-urban migration?
the push factors of rural:
- poverty
- crop failures
- land subdivisions
- conflict
- natural disasters
pull factors of urban:
- jobs
- education
- healthcare
- safety
- bright lights syndrome
32
what is a migrant?
a person who moves on a permanent basis to live in a different places
33
what is an economic migrant?
a migrant whose primary motivation is to seek employment, or improved pay, promotion or career change
34
what is a refugee?
a displaced person, forced from their home to seek refuge from persecution in an alternative country
35
what is a host nation?
the country/region where a migrant has settled
36
what is a source nation?
the country/region from where the migrant came
37
what is an interventing obstacle?
barriers which stop a migrant from reaching their destination such as a political border, visa requirement or physical feature
38
what is forced migration?
the movements of refugees and internally displaced people as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine or development projects
39
what is an internal migrant?
someone who moves from place to place within a nation e.g. rural to urban
40
what are problems associated with LA's sprawling city?
1) traffic - the city is so big that people must rely on automobiles, therefore there is a lot of traffic congestion and air pollution
2) bad air quality - due to traffic, the area maya be covered in smog
3) loss of green space - urban sprawl results in conversion of green spaces to urban development
41
what is urban agglomeration?
the process of cities and towns growing together to form a continuous built up or urban sprawl. it involves the spatial concentration of pop, economic activities
42
what are shanty towns?
areas of makeshift houses, poor living conditions and densley populated areas
43
why are shanty town found in or around urban areas?
- rapid urbanisation - an infux of migrants may take away the area's ability to provide adaquate housing
- land availability - shanty towns often occur an occupied land, particularly hazardous land such as hills, floodplains
- employmet opportunities - informal employment can provide livlihoods for residents in shanty towns
44
what are the economic problems associated with shanty towns?
- poverty
- wages are low
- workers are exploited
45
what are social problems associated with shanty towns?
- increase in crime
- health problems
- sewage on streets leads to water borne diseases
- more street on children
- malnutrition
- unemployment
- poor quality building
- high birth rates
- rural migrants can't find jobs because they are often illiterate
- shanty towns are illegal
46
what are the environmental issues of shanty towns?
- poor quality and unsafe land
- traffic congestion
- water pollution
- air pollution
- underground water supplies
- agricultural land is destroyed
47
what is localism?
a social/political philosophy that champions the local produce and culture all over the globe. this can be applied to goods, culture and businesses
- it is an attempt to maintain local economies and identify in the face or globalisation
48
what is a transition town?
a town which works to increase resilience, promotes localism and develop into a regenerative area
49
what are the main triggers for the growth of transition towns?
- peak oil - reducing our dependence makes us less vulnerable
- financial crash of 2008 - made it clear that communities need flourishing local economies
- social injustice - fighting for austerity
50
what are the 3 Rs?
- resilience
- relocalisation
- regenerative development
51
what is resilience?
the ability of a system to withstand shock from the outisde. the rebuilding of this could be advantageous for local communities
52
what is relocalisation?
actively promotes going beyond the concept of localism towards localisation - meeting our core needs locally which has huge potential for our local economies while also reducing oil dependency and carbon emissions
53
what is regenerative development?
development for the public benefit of its citizens by reducing reliance on scarce resources
54
what are the positives and negatives of transition homes?
positives:
- affordable housing
- designed to be built to reduce carbon
negatives:
- securing funding for affordable housing can be difficult and can hinder sustainability of project
- only works on a small scale
55
what are the positives and negatives of reeconomy center?
positives:
- a shared office space where change makers and remote wokers can come together
- opportunities to participate in workshops
negatives:
- sustainability may rely on funding and securing funding and this may be difficult
- may be difficult to get everyone to adapt
56
what are the positives and negatives of totnes climate hub?
positives:
- helping the community become more resilient and able to adapt to changes
- a place where initiatives can be showcased
negatives:
- it may struggle to reach a wider audience
57
what is a global hub city?
a city which has strong connections to global networks receiving vast flows of money, people, culture, resources and information
58
what are 8 factors determining the influence of world cities?
1) FDI
2) concentration of corporate headquarters
3) how many business niches they dominate
4) air connectivity
5) strength of producer services
6) financial services
7) technology and media power
8) racial diversity
59
what is cultural hybridisation?
the process by which different cultural elements blend together to create new, distinct cultural forms
60
what is cultural homogenisation?
the process by which local cultures become increasingly similar to one another
61
what is westernisation?
adoption of Western culture, values, lifestyles, and institutions by non-Western societies
62
what is responsible for cultural diffusion?
- military intervention
- TNCs
- migrant
- EU - trade blocs and IGOs
- tech
- tourism
63
what are the positives of cultural homogenisation?
- rights for women
- accepting western TNCs ensures jobs for local people
- improves attitudes towards health and hygeine
- TNCs ensures quality products for local people
- improved awareness of environmental problems = improved action
- TNCs = regular and consistent delivery of desired products
- tourism = infrastructure and improvements
64
what are the negatives of cultural homogenisation?
- implies that indigenous cultures are inferior = conflict
- loss of indigenous cultures
- can divide society
65
how is social development measured?
- life expectancy
- literacy rates
- obsesity rates
- access to internet
- education
- death rates per 100
- doctors per 100
66
how is economic development measured?
- % below poverty line
- dependency rates
- employment % in industrial sectors
67
how is environmental development measured?
- deforestation rates
- CO2 emissions per capita
- recycling rates
- % access to clean water
68
what are the benefits of composite indicators?
- uses a range of information to tell us about how well developed
- lots of backdated information to allow for comparison
69
what are the negatives of composite indicators?
- requires a range of data
- fails to take political ideology into account
70
what other indicators should be considered?
- freedom of speech and political voice
- impact of conflict and corruption
- equality of opportunity
- sustainability
- religion and respect for culture
71
what is cultural erosion?
the long term degredation of traditional cultural values and characteristics such as language, traditions, social relations and built environment
72
what impact has westernisation had on indigenous tribes?
- due to members of tribes becoming aware of western culture, they have started wearing modern clothing
- young amazonians are moving away from tribes
- people no longer value the local ecosystems the way they used to
73
how has france reacted against globalisation?
french gov has been extremely protective of filmakers giving them subsidies for works filmed in french language
- a law says that 40% of television output must be french productions
74
how has China reacted against globalisation?
great firewall of china prevents internet access to BBC or facebook
- China's gov sets a strict quota of 34 foreign films a year but many chinese people celebrate christmas
75
how has globalisation led to anti-migration movements?
migrants fill the gaps in the labour market (low paid)
- this is seen by many as the reason for unemployment rates, higher tax rates and increased stress on services
- many UK residents support admitting high skilled workers and nurses thing we should employ more to help our services
76
what is a diaspora?
a large group of people who share a cultural and regional origin but are living away from their traditional homeland
77
how has globalisation led to anti-trade liberalisation?
several nations feel they are worse off as a result of globalisation
- so they turn to trade protectionism:
- reintroduce taxes and tariffs
- use quotas
- regulations to limit the success of foreign companies
78
how has globalisation led to anti-ICT and censorship?
- maintains status quo
- stop exposure to threatening culture
- disempower population = reduce knowledge
- stop spread of idea
- SK is very threatening to NK
79
how is environmental damage a reason to reject globalisation?
globalisation has had a significant impact on the physical world:
- increased industrial action
- increased exploitation of natural goods
- social development
- transportation
globalisation puts extreme pressure on water because of increased pop and industry
80
what is nationalism?
an idealogy that emphasizes loyalty and devotion to a particular country or nation
- it places national interests above either individual or other group interests
81
why has nationalism grown in deprived areas?
1) education levels
2) under representation
3) lack of economic opportunity
4) lack of social progression
5) propoganda
6) trade unionism
82
why has anti-liberalism grown?
more laws are being passed banning education programmes or anything that is seen to 'promote' homosexuality
- this has seen a rise in extreme left
83
what is resource nationalism?
describes a growing tendency for state governments to take measures ensuring that domestic industries and consumers have priority access to the national resources found within their borders
84
what is a cooperative?
democratically organised groups of farmers
85
how does minimum price work?
the minimum price is the minimum price to be paid - this stops them undercutting each other
86
how does the fairtrade premium help improve people's lives?
the farmers can choose how to spend the fairtrade premium on improved farming practices or improved social infrastructure
87
what is kuapo kokoo?
a cooperative where the farmers run the organisation to suit their needs and share the profit evenly
- has 100,000 members
88
what are the benefits of fair trade?
- better prices for their goods
- better working conditions are ensured
- fairer trade = fairer profits
- extra money for community projects through the fair trade premium
- better health and safety requirements
89
what are the advantages of being part of kuapo kokoo?
- farmers come together to help each other when things are hard
- farmers have to pay a small fee
- price is excellent - never paid less than $1600 per tonne
- farmers are not cheated out of profit
- farmers are paid in cash or cheque
- lots of educational opportunities
90
what problems are faced by non-fairtrade farmers?
- they receive very little help
- price of farmed goods are not fixed
- can be cheated out of profits (weighted scales)
- no platform to complain about unfairness or warn others about companies
- no education
- no extra money
91
what are the criticisms of fairtrade?
- women who are single struggle to engage
- wages are typically not large enough
- children paid to work
- fairtrade premium is not always delivered on
92
what are ecological footprints?
calculates the biologically active area of land and sea needed to produce consumed goods and absorb the waste produced
- measured through global hectares
93
how are ecological footprints measured?
- bioproductive land
- bioproductive sea
- energy land
- built land
- biodiveristy land
- non-productive land
94
what is needed for recycling to occur?
1) infrastructure and accessibility - UK has well established recycling systems which makes it difficult for users to recycle
2) economic viability - recycling materials liek glass and metal can be cost-effective and can be recycled many times
3) legislation and policies - UK gov has implemented policies and regulations - % of packaging must be recycable
4) environmental awareness - strong public awareness about benefits
