eqi1 Flashcards
what is development?
the way that a country seeks to improve economically and socially, raising the standard of living of it’s population
what is development gap?
the difference between the richest and poorest countries in the world, which can be on a range of scales:
- globally: between continents e.g. north south divide
- nationally: countries e.g. europe
- locally: within countries e.g. north and south
how is development measured?
- GDP per capita - economic indicators
- life expectancy/ docotrs per 1000/ length of schooling - social indicators
- CO2 footpring/ CO2 emissions - environmental indicators
- passport power/mobile phones per capita - modern indicator
what is human development?
the acknowledgement that a much wider range of socio-economic indicators
what are issues with HDI?
- fails to show variation within a country e.g. china
- data is hard to collect - reliant on significant amount of info
- some countries may not won’t to publish data
what is HDI?
- life expectancy
- GDP per capita
- adult literacy
- average length of schooling
why is measuring development hard?
development looks different depending on beliefs, values, morals and codes of conduct
- in many situations the beliefs, morals and codes of conduct accepted by most conflict with the western ideas of development
how many sustainable development goals are there?
17 goals such as gender equality, clean water and sanitation, no poverty and good health and wellbeing
what is the happy planet index?
it measures what matters: sustainable wellbeing for all
- it tells us how well nations are doing at achieving long, happy, sustainable lives
wealthy and western countries are often seen as the standard of success, but they do not rank highly on the happy planet index but countries in latin america and asia lead the way because of:
- high life expectancy
- wellbeing
- much smaller ecological footprints
what does the happy planet index measure with?
- wellbeing
- life expectancy
- inequality of outcomes
- ecological footprints
what are the alternate approaches to development?
- moving out of poverty
- sharia law
- development in bolivia
how do countries move out of poverty?
- technology e.g. Mill so they don’t need to stand all day
- market - education, health, infrastructure
how does Sharia law lead to development?
Sharia law is the law of islam and is derived from the actions of muhammed (prophet)
- sharia is seen as nurturing and freeing humanity to realise it’s individual potential
- it is meant to show them the way to happiness in this life and success in the after life
what is success of humans based on in sharia law?
necessities:
- life
- religion
- intellect
- lineage
- wealth
needs and comfort:
- things people seek in order to ensure a good life and avoid hardships even thought they are not necessities
how did development occur in bolivia?
Evo Morales became president in 2005 and was a member of indigenous aymara group
- the economy was inflated, the states assests were being sold and high levels of poverty
he began to renationalise bolivia’s oil and gas industries and used the revenue to fund public works projects
- extreme poverty has fallen by 43%
what are the criticisms of the happy planet index?
- subjective
- does not measure happiness? but the way of life which would lead to a more sustainable way of living
- economic prosperity is not taken into account which relates to happiness
- does not correlate with traditional definitions of development
what is human capital?
a measure of the skills, education, capacity and attributes of labour which influence their productive capacity
what does human capital comprise of?
- knowledge
- technical knowhow
- skills
- good health
- education
- creativity
how does human capital help national development?
creativity - innovation = money (intellectual property)
education - high levels of knowledge = investment
- competition = higher standards
- collective holding to accounts
what is the current situation of youth education?
~ 258 million children are out of school
- 59 mil primary school
- 62 mil low secondary school
- 138 mil upper secondary school
only 99 countries legally guarantee at least 12 years of free education
youth literacy rate is 92% meaning 102 mil youth lack basic literacy
what does education mean?
increase in education = increase in liberal views and acceptance of HR
what is boko haram?
boko haram = western education is forbidden
it is a militant extremist islamic political group based in northern nigeria
- they believe in the dominance of Sunni islam
they prey on the uneducated by providing a religious community that can provide for them
- they kidnapped 276 schoolgirls and announced their intention of selling them into slavery
why do LEDCs have such low education attainment?
- funding - state and personal
- societal perspective and reverence for education
- professoinalism and eduction of teachers
- physical access (infrastructure)
- innapropriate colonial systems
- migration and displacement
what is life expectancy?
a measure of premature death and it shows large differences in health across the world
how does life expectancy vary across the world?
the richest countries have life expectancies over 80 yrs
the poorest countries have a life expectancy of between 50-60
- african republic = 53 yrs in 2019
why is there a correlation between income and life expectancy?
the less you earn, the less secure the necessities of life become e.g. access to food, access to water, proper sanitation, access to healthcare
what does the preston curve show?
relationship between GDP per capita and LE
it increases rapidly in the first stage, and then in stages 2 and 3 slowly levels off
- this suggests that it’s not just income that determines LE
what are the three stages of preston curve?
stage 1 - pooreer countries = focus on basics $0-5000
stage 2 - NICS and MEDCS = decrease premature deaths $5000 - 20000
stage 3 - MEDCs = extend life $20000 –>
how does reducing premature death affect LE?
- increses average pop age
- thsoe who survive childbirth are living much longer = increased LE
what is child mortality?
the number of children dying before their 5th birthday
what contributes to maternal deaths?
- severe bleeding
- infections
- high blood pressure
- complications
where are there differences in male and female LE?
in eastern europe = the women live on average 9+ years because of alcoholism problems
in india and southern and northern africa = the men live on average 3-4+ years because of religon, less educated, rural poverty, access to services is limited
how do we measure health?
- HIV/AIDS
- doctors per 1000
- obesity levels
- hospital beds per 1000
- vaccination rates
what factors are detrimental to health?
- access to services
- utilities
- housing
- pollution
- education
- escapism
- quality of food
what increases LE?
- proffessional job +3
- moderate drinker +1
- never smoke +3
- fruit and veg +1
- over 6’1 +1
what decreases LE?
- unskilled labour -4
- heavy unit drinker - 3
- abstainers -1
- smoker -4
- fast food -1
- under 5’8 -1
- living shelter -12
- living rough - 25
what are diseases of affluence?
diseases that occur directly due to increase wealth in society:
- obesity
- dementia and artheritis
- alcoholism
- mental health problems
what are the key factors affecting health variations across countries?
social class - individual welath/disposable income, langauge, education, limited social progression
ethnicity - limited cultural capacity, institutional racism
nation - distribution of wealth is unequal
county - countries see huge variations (N/S divide)
what is key evidence of national variation of health?
surrey & kent = 75-76 yrs
middlesborugh & manchester = 69-70 yrs
white british - men = 75 women = 80
banglandeshi - men 72 yrs women - 77rs
- this could be due to differences in attitudes to health and fitness
- education levels and awareness of healthy living
what are the problems faced by aboriginal peoples in australia?
- LE much lower due to acoholism, homelessness and domestic violence
- child mortality rates are much higher (146/100,000)
- 2.7X more likely to smoke
- 2.1 X more likely to die before 5
- 52% between 15-64 were not employed between 2012-13
- 1/5 women experienced domestic violence in last 12 months (only 12% of non-indigenous women)
what is the austrialian gov doing about problems faced by aboriginal people?
- community development employment project is designed to give meaningful employment and acquire skills
- it also attempts to bridge the gap between welfare economy and opportunities provided by a large labour market
- community housing and infrastrucure program dedicated indigenous housing funds
