EQE MODULE 3

Question 1

can be idealized as concentrated or
lumped mass “m” supported by a massless structures with stiffness “k” in the lateral direction.

Answer 1

simple structures

Question 2

flexibility of the structure in lateral motion is provided entirely by the _____

Answer 2

columns

Question 3

The process by which vibration steadily diminishes in amplitude

Answer 3

damping

Question 4

the kinetic energy and strain energy of the vibrating system are dissipated by various mechanisms

Answer 4

damping

Question 5

primary requirements for the preparation of earthquake loading codes, for determining the earthquake loadings for structure

Answer 5

study of seismic activities

Question 6

geological or other consequential
hazards

Answer 6

1. Fault displacement
2. Subsidence (flooding)
3. Liquefaction of cohesionless soils
4. Failure of sensitive or quick clays
5. Landslides
6. Mudflows
7. Dam failures
8. Water waves
9. Groundwater

Question 7

Factors influencing the local modifications to the underlying motion

Answer 7

1. Topography and nature of the bedrock
2. Natural geometry of the depositional soils

Question 8

may involve a depth of a kilometer or more, and an area within a horizontal distance of several kilometers from the site.

Answer 8

local

Question 9

The topography of both the bedrock and the deposited soils has various effects on the incoming seismic waves such as

Answer 9

reflection, refraction, focusing and scattering

Question 10

These are sometimes generated by earthquakes

Answer 10

Water waves

Question 11

It is caused by vertical displacement of blocks of sea bed

Answer 11

tsunami

Question 12

may also occur in the enclosed waters of lakes and harbours due to resonance effects or landslides.

Answer 12

seiches

Question 13

occur after earthquakes, apparently due to changes in pore pressure.

Answer 13

Changes in ground water discharge

Question 14

the probability that social or economic consequences of earthquakes will equal or exceed specified values at a site, at several sites, or in an area, during a specified exposure time.

Answer 14

Seismic risk

Question 15

is any physical phenomenon (e.g. ground shaking, ground failure) associated with an earthquake that may produce adverse effects on human activities.

Answer 15

Seismic hazard

Question 16

may either purely descriptive terms or qualitatively evaluated, depending on the needs of the situation.

Answer 16

Hazards

Question 17

physical consequences of earthquakes for human beings

Answer 17

1. Death and injury of human beings
2. Damage to the constructed and natural environments

Question 18

basic seismic design aims

Answer 18

• The reduction of loss of life in any earthquake, either through collapse or through secondary damage such as falling debris or earthquake-induced fire
• The reduction of the damage and loss of use of the constructed environment.

Question 19

Post-earthquake economic consequences

Answer 19

1. Cost of death and injury
2. Cost of damage
3. Losses of production and markets
4. Insurance claims