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Topic 2 - Glaciation > EQ4 (2.10/11/12) > Flashcards

EQ4 (2.10/11/12) Flashcards

1
Q

Why do tundra ecosystems have unique biodiversity?

A

Plants and animals have adapted to harsh climate, however reduced snow cover and warmer temperatures are making them more vulnerable.

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2
Q

Why does the Artic have unique biodiversity?

A

Harsh environment: long dark winters, short summers.

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3
Q

What is the cultural value of Periglacial and glaciated landscapes?

A
  • Scientific research
  • Indigenous cultures
  • Spiritual inspiration
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4
Q

What is the economic value of Periglacial and glaciated landscapes? 5 things

A
  • Farming and fishing
  • Mining
  • HEP
  • Tourism
  • Forestry
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5
Q

What is happening to the number of plant species in the Artic in the present day?

A

Increased number of trees and plants, due to a reduction in the harshness of the environment

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6
Q

What is the environmental value of Periglacial and glaciated landscapes?

A
  • Unique ecosystems
  • Carbon and water cycling
  • Role in climate regulation
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7
Q

Why do glaciated landscapes play an important role in the water cycle? (Give examples)

A
  • Alps “water towers of Europe”
  • river discharge patterns kept regular
  • reduces risk of flooding, as water is stored as ice.
  • provides gradual meltwater - can be used for human water supply.
  • 75% of freshwater held in ice - glaciers contain 2% of all water.
  • Glacier’s water used for irrigation.
  • Colorado USA, 260 million gallons of drinking water from Arapaho Glacier.
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8
Q

What roles do glaciated landscapes play in the water cycle (2 main points)?

A
  • Massive store of water (2% of all water, 75% of freshwater) - long term store.
  • Discharge patterns kept regular, allows water to be accessed during summer.
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9
Q

Define phenology

A

Timing of natural events and phenomena, e.g. first day snowdrops appear.

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10
Q

What is an example of the world’s glaciers retreating?

A
  • Eastern slopes of Rocky Mountains reduced in mass by 50% since 1850.
  • Area in Bolivia & Peru covered by glaciers shrank by 30% in the last 30 years
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11
Q

Where are glaciers advancing - and why?

A

Scandinavia - increased levels of precipitation

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12
Q

Why is glacial retreating taking place at an exponential rate in Antarctica and Greenland?

A

Negative feedback cycle - loss of ice leads to loss of albedo effect, which reduced reflection. This will lead to more melting and more ice lost.

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13
Q

What are different stakeholders in a glaciated landscape?

A

International governmental organisation (e.g. UNEP) - aim to promote international cooperation.

National and local governments - balance economic, social and environmental concerns

Native people e.g. Jnuit - depend on the natural environment for survival.

Tourists - requires infrastructure for travel and accommodation

Local businesses - use economic resources to maintain livelihood

TNCs - try to maximise profits

Global, national and local pressure groups - try to influence public policy - e.g. Greenpeace or WWF (world wide fund for nature)

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of management approaches that could be adopted by different stakeholders towards the environment?

A
  • Total exploitation
  • Sustainable exploitation
  • Total protection
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15
Q

What is total protection?

A

Aims to completely conserve the natural envrionemt

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16
Q

What is sustainable management?

A

Aims to find balance between resource exploitation and the need to conserve the natural environment

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17
Q

What is total exploitation?

A

Aims to gain maximum economic exploitation without protection of the natural environment.

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18
Q

What are examples of where total exploitation takes place?

A
  • Greenland

- Zermatt, Switzerland

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19
Q

What are examples of where sustainable exploitation takes place?

A
  • The Lake District
  • The Alpine convention
  • The Sagamartha National Park
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20
Q

What is an example of where total protection takes place?

A

The Antarctic Treaty

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21
Q

How has total exploitation taken place in Greenland?

A
  • Increased industrial activity
  • Increased shipping = increased marine pollution
  • Plans for large-scale mining projects for Uranium
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22
Q

How has total protection taken place in the Antarctic treaty?

A
  • Treaty which bans military activity
  • No human population
  • Exploration of mineral resources is prohibited (Madrid protocol)
23
Q

How has sustainable exploitation taken place in the Alpine Convention?

A
  • Balance between the preservation of the natural environment and the economic needs of 14 million residents and 120 million tourists per year.
24
Q

How is total exploitation taking place in Zermatt Switzerland?

A
  • Huge energy and wares demands for 2 million tourists.
  • Increased noise and vehicle emission and expansion of ski areas.
  • Construction of ski slopes damages the fragile ecosystem
  • WWF said it was “one of the most ecologically devastating leisure activities”
25
Q

How does sustainable exploitation take place in the Lake District?

A
  • Footpath erosion can reduce infiltration rates
  • Tourism may lead to pollution
  • Increased demand for housing
  • Much of the landscape is left untouched.
26
Q

How does sustainable exploitation take place in The Sagarmartha National park?

A
  • National park will lead to a level of conservation
  • Tourism will lead to footpath erosion, illegal trails, water pollution and increased waste disposal.
  • Rise in demand for lodges and hotels, means using forest products, e.g. firewood.
27
Q

What international legislation is in place to protect glaciated landscapes?

A

ATS (Antarctic Treaty System):

  • Agreed measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Flora and Fauna (AMCAFF)
  • Convention for conservation of Antarctic seals (CCAS)
  • Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
  • Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (EP)
28
Q

What National legislation is in place to protect glaciated landscapes?

A

National parks - prohibit certain levels of construction e.g. houses.
E.g. National Park in Alaska - ANWR (Arctic National Wildlife Refuge)

29
Q

What is the problems with national legislation regarding protecting glaciated landscapes?

A

Drilling for oil has still been permitted in ANWR (Arctic National Wildlife Refuge) - despite legislation protecting.

30
Q

What is an example of a glacial landscape?

A

Greenland

31
Q

What is an example of a relict glacial landscape?

A

The Lake District

32
Q

What is an example of an active landscape?

A

Sagarmartha National Park - Nepal

33
Q

What is an example of a Periglacial landscape?

A

The Yamal Peninsula - Russia

34
Q

What is the cultural value of the Lake District?

A
  • Benefits local people (better transport and roads)
35
Q

What is the economic value of Lake District?

A

Tourism brings in money - also provides 16,000 jobs

- Visitors spend about £1.6 billion

36
Q

What is the environmental value of the Lake District?

A
  • Provides habitats for species
  • Plans improve air quality
  • maintains biodiversity
37
Q

What are physical threats to the Lake District?

A

Climate change:

  • Loss of animal and plant species
  • Increased insect species
  • More precipitation means more soil + chemicals washed into a lake.
38
Q

What are human threats to the Lake District?

A
  • Walking, climbing and canoeing can cause footpath erosion.
  • Trampling and littering can challenge the area’s resilience
  • Increase demand for housing
39
Q

What is the cultural benefit of Sagarmartha National Park?

A
  • Tourism (37,000 visitors)
  • Home to 6,000
  • Number of migrant workers increasing
  • Improved standard of living
40
Q

What is the economic value of Sagarmartha National Park?

A
  • Businesses are established in the area

- Tourism has boosted the local economy

41
Q

What is the environmental value of Sagarmartha National Park?

A
  • National Park
  • Home to snow leopard
  • Large water storage
42
Q

What are physical threats to Sagarmartha National Park?

A
  • Earthquakes can trigger avalanches
43
Q

What are human threats to Sagarmartha National Park?

A
  • Footpath erosion
  • Water pollution
  • Problem with waste disposal
  • Greater demand for new hotel and lodges
44
Q

What is the cultural value of Greenland’s glaciers?

A
  • Many Greenlandic people still do traditional job types - e.g. fishing.
  • Huge potential for scientific research (contains ancient ice - used for studying previous climates)
45
Q

What is the economic value of Greenland’s glaciers?

A
  • Meltwater provides potential for Hydroelectric Power
46
Q

What is the environmental value of Greenland’s glaciers?

A
  • Contains biodiversity - e.g. polar bears, reindeer, Arctic fox and whale etc.
  • Scientific research of animals
  • Water storage massively prevents flooding.
  • Regulates feedback cycle - high albedo effect
47
Q

What is a physical threat to Greenland’s glaciers?

A
  • Climate change has brought stress to the environment
48
Q

What are human threats to Greenland’s glaciers?

A
  • Overfishing of marine wildlife

- Oil and gas exploitation

49
Q

What is the cultural value of The Yamal Peninsula?

A
  • Sustainable living
50
Q

What is the economic value of the Yamal Peninsula?

A
  • Reindeer meat
  • Biggest gas reserve on the planet
  • 1/4 of World’s gas reserve
51
Q

What is the environmental value of The Yamal Peninsula?

A
  • Summer home for many migratory birds

- Permafrost has global value as a large-scale Carbon Sink.

52
Q

What are physical threats to The Yamal Peninsula?

A
  • When permafrost melts, the gases stored in ice will be released.
  • Climate change poses a significant threat
53
Q

What are human threats to The Yamal Peninsula?

A
  • Infrastructure built to exploit natural gas reserves puts pressure on the natural environment.

Topic 2 - Glaciation (6 decks)

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