EQ3- water insecurity

Question 1

water stress

Answer 1

-when annual supply of water per person falls below 1700m3.
-a countrys water consumptiom exceeds 10% of its freshwater supply

Question 2

water scarcity

Answer 2

-when annual supply of water per person falls below 1000m3.
-theres an imbalnce between demand + supply
-could be physical or economic

Question 3

phsyical scarity

Answer 3

-occurs when more than 75% of countrys or regions blue water flows r being used- this currently applies to around 25% of worlds population

Question 4

economic scarcity

Answer 4

-occurs when development of blue water sources is limited by lack of capital, technonolgy + good governance

Question 5

virtual water

Answer 5

-the hidden flow of water whne food or other commodities r traded
-eg water used to irrigate crops + grow flowers

Question 6

water=spatially distrubuted unevenly

Answer 6

-66% of worlds pop live in areas that have access to 25% of world annual rainfall
-conflict can further limit access to water sources
-1 million people die each yr as dont have access to safe drinking water

Question 7

Demand has risen​ because of:

Answer 7

Population growth - generally more people = more water needed.
● Growing middle class population as countries develop and industrialise, therefore
increasing lifestyle and domestic demand.
● Economic growth means industrial demand may also increase

Question 8

However,supply cannot meet demand since:

Answer 8

● Aquifers and deep-water wells are being dug, especially for water-intensive agriculture.
● Water tables (groundwater storage) are dropping as a result.
● Water is being extracted at a faster rate than the soil is able to recharge.

Question 9

Causes of Water Insecurity

precipitation

Answer 9

varies across different climates: mid-latitude areas generally receive the most rainfall.

Question 10

Causes of Water Insecurity

topography

Answer 10

is also significant as areas w high relief generally get more precipitation + surface runoff is greater for more inclined planes,
so channel flow tends to be larger + so water can be easily stored by ​dams and reservoirs​.

Question 11

Causes of Water Insecurity

geology

Answer 11

determines water security or insecurity; permeable rocks can be infiltrated, and water can be easily stored underground.

Question 12

causes of water insecurity

humans

Answer 12

-reduce supply thru pollution
-industrial activity(mainly countries w slack enviromental laws)+ population pressure (lack of sewage treatment, ‘plastic tide’) r reducing accessibility to clean freshwater
-saltwater encroachment due to overextraction + RSLs is further reducing stores

Question 13

consequences of water insecurity

Answer 13

-price of clean water has increased+may rise globally in future
-inadequate sanitation- affect 2.4billion ppl= disease+ water borne illness
-water v important in economic productivity, crop yield+manufacturing
-agriculture consumes 67% of all water extractions + industrial water consumption on rise
-Fields + grazing lands r dependent on rainwater + aquaculture (fish farming) has rise as wild fish supplies have diminished
-20% of all extracted water is used in industries and for energy production

Question 14

economic water scarcity

Answer 14

-associate w/developing countries that lack capital+tech + good gov to exploit adequate supplies of blue water
-eg subsaharan africa+ haiti + laos in south east asia

Question 15

phsyical water scarcity

Answer 15

determined by climate w/high latitude pressure bands between 23.5+35’ North + south
-also factors above
-number of factors may be significant at local scale (geology) situtauion is not as static, as temperate areas (south africa, north east brazilor california) can be affected by drought related climate change

Question 16

water price

price of water determined by:

Porridge Does Include Wheat

Answer 16

1. physical cost of obtaining supply
2. degree of demand for water
3. infrastructure
4. who supplies water

Question 17

privatisation

Answer 17

neoliberal view
1970-80s- water should be privatised + ppl should pay for what it costs to capture, treat+provide
-w/privitasation theres a view profit could + should be made
-wb in tandem w imt developed structural adjustment programmes- help developing countries over come debt issues

Question 18

structual adjustment programmes

Answer 18

-there now suuperseded by poverty reduction papers as for many countries now saps resulted in unaccaptable had little progress w/solutions to debts

Question 19

reasons for water scarcity

Answer 19

1. population growth: grow by 80mill a year
2. **agricultural demands: **largest user of water(70%)
3. urbanisation: by 2025 60% of world live in urbvan areas
   4.** energy**: developing countries have vast untapped hep resources
4. climate change: affects rainfall, evapotranspiration rates+water availbility
5. economic growth in emerging economies: water for manufacturing + rising living standards
   7. improve living standards: growing middle class, unsustainable water use
6. industralisation: oecd report predict water demand for manufacturing will increase by 400% from 2000-2050
7. pollution