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PHYSICAL GEOG : Coastal landscapes and change > EQ3 coastal risks - example statistics > Flashcards

EQ3 coastal risks - example statistics Flashcards

1
Q

give an example of an emergent coast.

A

part of Eastern Scottish coastline in Fife where there are raised beaches- pushed down by the weight of the ice during the ice age and slowly rebounded, stranding

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2
Q

give an example of a Ria

A

Kingsbridge estuary in Devon.

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3
Q

give an example of a barrier island

A

can be found from florida all the way to conneticut

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4
Q

what do barrier islands help the US protect against?

A

form of natural barrier against hurricanes on the gulf of mexico coast and eastern seaboard

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5
Q

give an e.g of how tectonic activity can affect sea level change?

A

Successive major earthquakes have lifted the shoreline of Turakirae head in New Zealand by several metres in the last 7000 years

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6
Q

give an example of how can tectonic activities influence on sea level change affect the formation of Rias.

A

2004- indian ocean tsunami dropped the coastline of aceh province on sumatra by 1m- while some other islands were raised out of the sea by up to 2m.- creating ria’s.

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7
Q

give an example of a place that experiences variation in coastal erosion .

A

Holderness coast in yorkshire UK erodes at 1.25m per yr bu there are wide spatial variations from 1-10m per yr - due to differing geology ; boulder clay and chalk

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8
Q

why does holderness vary in erosion rate spatially and what are the effects ?

A

a combination of weak rock (clay - erosion , chalk - chemical weathering ) and coastal defence at locations like Hornsea and Mappleton = positive feedback within equilibrium of holderness sediment cell = down coast- increasing erosion rates of 2.5m per yr to 3.8 m per yr. areas like Cowden and farms are being placed at risk of being lost to sea, insurance companies refuse to insure the land and property.

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9
Q

why does Holderness vary in erosion rate as a result of time?

A
  • although holderness is predominantly a low energy coastline - winter storms cause most erosion with tidal ranges of about 2-4m - while summer and autumn rarely has storms so erosion R is lower.- creating ‘winter’ beach profiles.
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10
Q

Coastal management ; the Nile delta

What is a delta?

A

A Depositional landform formed from sediment bought down the Nile by annual floods

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11
Q

Example of dam built on Nile deltas

A

Aswan high dam on the River Nile (longest river in the world and home to Egypt’s second largest city)

  • constructed in the 1960’s
  • 39 million ppl dependent on river Nile
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12
Q

What percentage of Egypt’s food supply is the river Nile responsible for?

A

60%

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13
Q

Impact of Aswan High dam on rates of erosion in the Nile Delta ?

A

At Rosetta (main port city of the Nile delta) erosion rates jumped from around 22.5m per yr to over 100m per yr as delta was starved of sediment

Why?

  • 39 million dependent on nile
  • main industry of agriculture - dam provides a reservoir that is used to help boost economy via intensive farming and fishing
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14
Q

Impact of Aswan dam on river Nile sediment discharge?

A

Fell from 130 mn tonnes to 15 mn tonnes

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15
Q

What other factors could be driving erosion rates of the Nile delta?

A

SOIL SALINISATION
Eustatic rise in sea level = Salt intrusion into the Nile delta = killing of crops and vegetation that were stabilising river banks = catalysing rate of erosion of the banks over time

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16
Q

NORTH SEA STORM SURGE 2013; what cause the north Sea Storm surge in dec 2013?

A

a large depression moved over from the south east to the north sea

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17
Q

NORTH SEA STORM SURGE 2013; before the North sea storm surge winds of how many mph were recorded in scotland?

A

over 140 mph - driving storm waves on to North Sea coasts

- a storm surge of 5.8 m was recorded in Lincolnshire

18
Q

NORTH SEA STORM SURGE 2013;North Sea storm surge dec 2013;

how did coastal topography affect the vulnerability of those living on the North sea coastline?

A

In the North sea the 2 coastlines it is between, Uk and France runs into a funnel shape = increasingly narrow space for storm surges = shallowing of sea and gain of storm surge in height and speed to severely flood areas

19
Q

NORTH SEA STORM SURGE 2013; impacts of North sea storm surge dec 2013 on UK services ?

A
  • 100,000 homes lost power

- Scot’s rail network shut down

20
Q

NORTH SEA STORM SURGE 2013; increase in surface temperatures by ..?… will make coastal flooding risk more intense.

A

increase in global ocean temperatures by 1-4 dc by the year 2100 is predicted

21
Q

NORTH SEA STORM SURGE 2013; Social impact of North sea storm surge dec 2013 ?

A

2500 coastal homes and businesses were inundated

- 15 deaths across Holland, UK, Germany and belgium

22
Q

CYCLONE SIDR ; when ?

A

2007

23
Q

CYCLONE SIDR ; what ?

A

tropical cyclone formed in the Indian Ocean- created storm surge of 6m due to gale force winds, + rain

24
Q

CYCLONE SIDR ; what storm category ?

A

4 ( fastest storm winds )

25
Q

CYCLONE SIDR ; death toll?

A

3500 drowned

26
Q

CYCLONE SIDR IN BANGLADESH ; how many cities hit by 5m storm surge?

A

3 cities including capital city Dhaka.

27
Q

CYCLONE SIDR IN BANGLADESH; what were the environmental impacts?

A

1/4 of the world heritage site sunderbans (mangrove forest) were destroyed - researchers said that it will take 40 years to recover-

28
Q

CYCLONE SIDR IN BANGLADESH; impacts of infrastructure?

A
  • Drinking water was contaminated with salt water and debris and sanitation infrastructure
    was destroyed. This increased the risk of diseases spreading in the aftermath of the cyclone.
  • Houses, bridges, road and infrastructure were destroyed. Electricity and communications
    networks were damaged, leaving homes unconnected.
29
Q

CYCLONE SIDR IN BANGLADESH ; what influenced the intensity of the cyclones effects?

A
  • triangular shape of the bay of bengal concentrated the storm surge by shallowing of water = increase in height and speed. impact at land = larger storm surge
30
Q

CYCLONE SIDR IN BANGLADESH;

How many ppl are still missing?

A

1,001 ppl still missing

31
Q

KIRIBATI;

Where?

A

Central Pacific Ocean

32
Q

What level is Kiribati at -to sea level?

A

Less than 3m above sea level

33
Q

What did the UN report about Kiribati’s risk from rising sea level?

A

In 1989 the UN reported that Kiribati is one of the countries that are most at risk of ridding sea level - evident 2 yrs later - from how 2 of it’s inhabited islands disappeared under the sea

34
Q

KIRIBATI; a sea level rise of how much will swallow Kiribati’s low-lying atolls?

A

3-6ft (2m) by 2100 will swallow Kiribati’s low lying atolls and no reduction of green house gas emissions today can prevent this

35
Q

KIRIBATI;

What is the Kiribati governments response ?

A

Purchase miles of land in Fiji for its inhabitants which is only to be used if absolutely necessary

Locals have tried to plant more mangroves and vegetation in order to mitigate against flooding however this can only help with storm surges and will not combat large rises in sea level

+ creation of artificial islands like the UAE did is not possible due to Kiribati’s lack of international funding and support

GDP of only 188 million USD (countries like Uk have 2.8 trillion USD) - hinders ability to install mass hard engineering into island

36
Q

KIRIBATI; what will the people of Kiribati be called if they are forced to move elsewhere?

A

Environmental refugees

37
Q

explain the significant changes that wave energy can create on the holderness?

A
  • Beach profiles can become recognized as ‘winter’ beach profiles as result of high energy waves with tidal ranges of 2-4m = high energy deposition or high energy erosion ; possible landforms ; offshore bars and berms
38
Q

How does the GDP affect Kiribati in it’s flood management?

A

GDP of only 188 million USD (countries like Uk have 2.8 trillion USD) - hinders ability to install mass hard engineering into island

39
Q

How does sea-level rise affect the holderness ?

A
  • rises of about 2mm per yr has increased frequency and impact of storms = breaches of depositional landforms like chesil beach- which was breached in 2014 by a major storm - dramatically altering the beach profile.
40
Q

to what extent is longshore drift a dominant process in Holderness coast ?

A

very important within the holderness coast sediment cell - where 3% material eroded is deposited down south at spurn head spit .

PHYSICAL GEOG : Coastal landscapes and change (6 decks)

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