EQ3

Question 1

human activity causing groundwater supplies to diminish

Answer 1

Cheap technology used to pump water

Few or minimal legislation to regulate pumping

Threats of climate change-induced droughts

Question 2

water stress

Answer 2

When the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period. It refers to people who have access to less than 1700 m3 per person.

Question 3

water scarcity

Answer 3

When renewable water resources are low. It refers to people with access to water below 1000 m3 per person.

Question 4

physical water scarcity

Answer 4

Where water availability does not meet water demand in a particular area. Arid regions often face this, such as southern Spain.

Question 5

economic water scarcity

Answer 5

Occurs due to lack of investment in infrastructure so people cannot get access to water, or the price of it is at a point where the population cannot afford the amount they need

Question 6

water insecurity

Answer 6

When a country has inadequate quantities of acceptable water quality for livelihoods, wellbeing, and development.

Question 7

what is an atoll

Answer 7

A ring shaped coral reef that encircles a lagoon

Question 8

desalination

Answer 8

The process that removes salts from saline water in order to make it potable

Question 9

resilience

Answer 9

The ability to reduce the loss experienced from a natural hazard or natural phenomena, or to return to an original state more quickly by having measures in place that allow individuals and communities to adapt to their changing circumstances.

Question 10

what factors are used to measure water poverty in the WPI (water poverty index)

Answer 10

level of access to water
water quantity, quality and variability
water used for domestic, food and productive purposes
capacity for water management (how well a country manages the water it has)
environmental aspects such as damage and pollution

Question 11

why does the cost of water vary

Answer 11

Cost of freshwater depends on transport cost, availability, contamination levels, management and level of demand.

Question 12

What actions and policies can be adopted to reduce water use:

Answer 12

Domestic Conservation
Re-using wastewater
Save storm Water 
Reducing Irrigation/ Smarter Irrigation
Smart Planning

Question 13

Players involved in water management

Answer 13

The UN
The EU
National Government Agencies
Berlin Rules (replaced Helsinki Rules) -Integrated Water Management

Question 14

Water Supply Issues in Emerging Countries

Answer 14

sewage disposal
chemical fertilisers
industrial pollution
dams

Question 15

sewage disposal

Answer 15

By 2020 sewage disposal in developing countries is expected to cause 135 million deaths
Diseases such as typhoid and cholera are common
Example = in the UK they add 1,400 million litres of sewage to their rivers daily
Example = Citarum River, West Java. Carries the waste from 9 million people

Question 16

chemical fertilisers

Answer 16

This can contaminate groundwater as well as river supplies
Sewage and fertilisers add nutrients to the river, increase the growth of algae and cause eutrophication
Example = Yucatan, Mexico high levels of nitrates in groundwater
Example = Gulf of Mexico, high levels of algae

Question 17

industrial pollution

Answer 17

400 billion tonnes of industrial waste is generated each year in the world
Chemicals and heavy metals are put into the water
Examples in NE China
Example = Citarum River in West Java, Indonesia, carriers the waste from hundreds of farms and factories.

Question 18

dams

Answer 18

These trap sediment
These reduce the floodplain fertility
These reduce the flow of nutrients from the river to the sea
These damage coastal fish stocks
The sediment change can kill fish and impact on the ecosystem
Example = Aswan Dam on the River Nile
Example = 3 Gorges Dam, China