EQ2- Why Do Some Tectonic Hazards Develop Into Disasters Flashcards
Define a natural hazard
Is a natural process with potential to cause loss of life, injury, property damage or socio-economic disruption
Define a disaster
Is a serious disruption of the functioning of a society involving human, economic or environmental losses, exceeding a societies ability to cope.
Define a catastrophe
Is a disaster which has impacts on life and property, with over 2000 deaths, or over 200,000 made homeless, or the GDP reduced by 5%, or dependence on overseas aid for a year or more.
Define Risk
Is the probability of a hazard event causing harmful consequences
Define Vulnerability
Is the geographical conditions that increase the susceptibility of a community to a hazard, dependent on the ability to anticipate, cope and recover.
Define Resilience
Is the ability of a community exposed to a hazard to resist, absorb and recover , dependent on the resources available and organisation.
State why the social and economic impacts of a hazard could vary (3)
Over time
From place to place
From minor nuisance to major disaster
State why the economic impact of a hazard could vary (5)
Level of development and GDP per capita Total number of people affected Speed of recovery Degree of urbanisation Amount of uninsured losses
Describe the impacts different tectonic hazards have on people
The impacts of earthquakes and their secondary hazard are greater than those of a volcanic eruption. Less than 1% of the world’s population will suffer the impacts of a volcano, compared to 5% for earthquakes.
Explain how social and economic impacts of a tectonic hazard can vary across region.
Generally Developing/Emerging countries have frequent disasters and high vulnerability. Compared to Developed countries they have infrequent disasters and have a low vulnerability to tectonic hazards.
Explain the Deggs model when explaining the impacts of a tectonic hazard
Shows disasters only occur when a vulnerable population is exposed to a hazard. Shows interaction between hazards, disasters and human vulnerability and how they combine to create a level of risk.
Give the formula for risk
Risk(R)= Hazard(H) x Vulnerability(V)
Explain the pressure and release model explaining the impacts of tectonics on people
Risk faced by people is a combination of vulnerability and hazards.
The PAR model helps geographers to mitigate the risk of a hazard. Actions and interventions can be taken to reduce vulnerability in advance of a hazard
Explain root causes, dynamic pressure and unsafe conditions as processes generating vulnerability.
Root causes:
poor infrastructure, lack of preparation plans, inefficient emergency services, poor communication systems, poor hazard response, corruption of the government
Dynamic Pressure:
low level wealth reducing their ability to protect themselves, lack of access to education, poor quality of housing, poor healthcare, lack of income opportunities.
Unsafe conditions:
high population density, rapid urbanisation (quickly built poor quality housing), inaccesible areas (slow response by rescuers and aid)
Explain the Japan earthquake hazard
Occurred in 2011 and was a 9.0 magnitude earthquake which struck under the pacific ocean on the East coast
A tsunami spread in all directions at hundreds of km a hour and waves reached 10m high and surged 10km inland.