EQ2: What are the impacts of globalisation for countries, groups of people and cultures, and the environment? Flashcards

1
Q

Why do many economists argue that the twenty-first century will be ‘Asia’s century’?

A

The global economic centre of gravity has shifted towards Asia in the last 30 years. This is a result of the global shift of industry towards Asia. In particular:

  • The shift of manufacturing jobs
  • The shift of service and administration jobs
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2
Q

What are the benefits of the global shift to Asia?

A
  • Major investment in roads, ports, airports and power infrastructure; China built 11,000 km of new motorways in 2015 alone.
  • A shift from informal, insecure employment to waged employment with a set income and some security.
  • TNCs invest in training and skills development to improve workforce productivity, and some skills are transferable.
  • Major reductions in regional poverty due to employment; some 600 million Chinese were lifted out of poverty between 1992 and 2015.
  • As more people in formal employment pay taxes, local and national government invest in public services such as education and health.
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3
Q

What are the costs of the global shift to Asia?

A
  • Urban sprawl and loss of productive farmland and forests as industry and cities expand to accommodate industry and worker housing.
  • New development tends to be unplanned and sometimes poorly built, lacking key public services.
  • Pressure on natural resources, especially water supply as new factories and offices demand resources.
  • Low wages, long working hours, lack of union representation and possible exploitation of workers.
  • Rapid loss of tradition such as local foods and dress as the pace of urban and industrial change is so rapid.
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4
Q

What percentage of the world’s coal is burned in China?

A

Close to 50%

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5
Q

Around what percentage of China’s rivers and lakes are polluted?

A

Around 50%

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6
Q

Around what percentage of China’s groundwater is polluted?

A

Around 40%

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7
Q

What percentage of China is subject to desertification and severe soil erosion?

A

Over 20%

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8
Q

What has the impact been of the desertification and severe soil erosion which China has been subject to?

A
  • Major dust storms
  • Combined with deforestation, desertification has forced many farmers off their land and into cities as the farmland has been over-exploited.
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9
Q

How many years has air pollution in northern China been estimated to reduce life expectancy by?

A

Air pollution in northern China has been estimated to reduce life expectancy by nearly five years.

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10
Q

What the consequence of global shift been for developed countries?

A

For developed countries, the global shift has meant deindustrialisation.

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11
Q

What social and environmental problems in many former industrial cities in the developed world has economic restructuring caused?

A
  • Declining populations
  • High violent crime rates
  • Dereliction
  • Unemployment
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12
Q

What percentage of all land in Glasgow is derelict?

A

About 4% of all land in Glasgow is derelict; this land is mostly disused factory sites and is often contaminated by industrial waste, making it costly to reuse.

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13
Q

What have the connections created by globalisation caused there to be an increase in?

A

The connections created by globalisation have caused an increase in global migration.

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14
Q

What form of migration is the most significant?

A

Rural-urban migration

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15
Q

In developing and emerging countries, what percentage of urban growth is caused by rural-urban migration?

A

In developing and emerging countries about 60% of urban growth is caused by rural-urban migration.

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16
Q

In developing and emerging countries, what percentage of urban growth is caused by high birth rates in cities (internal growth or natural increase)?

A

In developing and emerging countries about 40% of urban growth is caused by rural-urban migration.

17
Q

What are the social challenges of megacity growth?

A
  • Housing is in short supply, leading to the growth of slums and shanty towns that lack water, sewers and power supplies.
  • Poverty is rife because wages are low and jobs are in short supply; many people have dangerous informal jobs.
  • Lack of taxes means the city governments struggle to supply essential health and education services.
  • Lack of water and sanitation means disease and illness are common in slums.
18
Q

What are the environmental challenges of megacity growth?

A
  • Sprawling slums at the city edge cause deforestation and loss of farmland and increase flood risk.
  • Wood fires, old vehicles and industry mean air pollution levels are high.
  • Rivers and lakes are polluted with sewage and industrial waste, making health problems worse.
  • Critical resources, especially water, are in short supply because of soaring demand.
19
Q

In 2015, what percentage of the UAE’s population was from India?

A

In 2015, 27% of the UAE’s population was from India.

20
Q

What are the economic benefits of migration for the source country?

A

Remittances boost the incomes of families

21
Q

What are the economic costs of migration for the source country?

A

Loss of skilled and educated workers

22
Q

What are the social benefits of migration for the source country?

A

Contact with a different culture

23
Q

What are the social costs of migration for the source country?

A

Families are broken up as young males tend to migrate

24
Q

What are the political costs of migration for the source country?

A

Mass emigration can be viewed as a failure to provide for people at home

25
Q

What are the environmental benefits of migration for the source country?

A

Reduces pressure on resources if the population is large

26
Q

What are the economic benefits of migration for the host country?

A

Low wages workers fill skills gaps

27
Q

What are the economic costs of migration for the host country?

A

Some host population workers can’t get jobs

28
Q

What are the social benefits of migration for the host country?

A

Migrants can counteract an ageing population

29
Q

What are the social costs of migration for the host country?

A

Demand for education, health and housing rises

30
Q

What are the political costs of migration for the host country?

A

Cultural tensions with the migrant population

31
Q

What are the environmental costs of migration for the host country?

A

Can lead to demand for more housing and therefore loss of greenspace; possible overcrowding

32
Q

What are remittances?

A

Remittances are the money migrants send back home to help their families in the source country.

33
Q

What is a ‘westernised’ global culture based on?

A

This culture is based on:

  • wealth creation, earning money in order to buy consumer goods and high levels of consumption
  • private enterprise, where people own businesses rather than the government owning them
  • success, which is measured by how wealthy you are and how much ‘stuff’ you buy
  • fashion, technology and trends, which are important in western culture
  • an attitude that the physical environment should be exploited for its natural resources to create wealth.
34
Q

What has caused cultural diffusion to spread?

A

Western culture has spread by cultural diffusion.

35
Q

What factors have caused cultural diffusion to spread?

A
  • Migration brings people into contact with each other.
  • Tourism brings people into contact with new cultures.
    TNCs spread their brands and products around the world.
  • Global media organisations like Disney, CNN and the BBC spread a western view of world events?
36
Q

Name one health impact of changing diets in Asia.

A

Rising obesity and diabetes

37
Q

Why are protest groups such as Occupy Wall Street and the Global Justice Movement strongly opposed to globalisation?

A

Protest groups such as Occupy Wall Street and the Global Justice Movement argue that globalisation has:

  • dramatically increased resource consumption through exploiting the natural environment
  • exploited workers
  • passed political and economic power into the hands of TNCs and uncaring governments, at the expense of ordinary people
  • created increased inequality
  • caused cultural erosion.