EQ2 indicative mock content

Question 1

What is a Jokulhlaup?

Answer 1

Glacial outburst flood, a dam containing a lake leaks out of a drainage way, usually due to a volcanic eruption.

Question 2

What are the primary factors causing flooding?

Answer 2

• monsoon rains - 70% of rains occur in Asia between July and Sept. Annually.
• tropical cyclones - Mozambique was devastated by two hurricanes Idai and Kenneth.

Question 3

What are the secondary causes of flooding?

Answer 3

• geology - permeability + percolation
• topography - runoff levels
• vegetation - interception & through flow

Question 4

What are the causes of UK flooding?

Answer 4

• the Jet Stream fluctuations
• blocked anticyclone conditions occur because of this

Question 5

How does floodplain drainage exacerbate flood risk?

Answer 5

• land drained of water for irrigation shrinks the land and makes it more impermeable, causing infiltration to be prevented. This is occurring in the Peat bogs of the Lake District, where there has been recession of land by 20 metres.

Question 6

What are three places which are currently largely affected by climate change?

Answer 6

• California
• the Sahel region
• Malawi

Question 7

What are the impacts and causes of water stress in California?

Answer 7

• Climate change has meant less precipitation in the Nevada mountains over the last 3 years, which means less water is diverted to California. This means residents are required to cut water usage by 15%.

Question 8

What are the causes and impacts of climate change in the Sahel?

Answer 8

Failure of monsoon rains for 3 years has led to the decrease of 100mm-600mm of rain average annually. This means 7 million are threatened by famine.

Question 9

What are the causes and impacts of climate change in Malawi?

Answer 9

West Africa could be experiencing floods due to the Nigeria River being at its peak height in 80 years.

Question 10

What is the impact of climate change in China?

Answer 10

Floods occurring in 2010 impacted 140 million, constituting a national disaster.

Question 11

What are the uncertainties surrounding climate change?

Answer 11

• Flooding has no definitive correlation shown yet.
• Human influence impacts flooding such as deforestation and irrigation.

Question 12

What’s a global statistic concerning global warming?

Answer 12

1 billion are likely to live in cities with annual water shortages by 2050.

Question 13

What are the precipitation trends in the water cycle?

Answer 13

• more variation between areas.
• widespread intense rainfall.
• more rain, less snow

Question 14

How is climate change impacting evaporation and evapotranspiration?

Answer 14

Inconclusive for the most part, but some research on Asia shows evaporation is increasing.

Question 15

How is climate change impacting runoff?

Answer 15

1• warming leads to 40% increase in runoff.

Question 16

How is climate change impacting soil moisture?

Answer 16

Uncertain, as other influences such as irrigation, permeability and pH influence this.

Question 17

How will climate change impact Groundwater levels?

Answer 17

Inconclusive evidence.

Question 18

How will reservoir storage be impacted by climate change?

Answer 18

Inconclusive, other factors link to this.

Question 19

How is permafrost impacted by climate change?

Answer 19

Decreasing perm. Storage.

Question 20

How is snow being impacted by climate change?

Answer 20

Last 50-100 years, spring melting of ice has increased.

Question 21

How have ice levels been impacted by climate change?

Answer 21

Since the end of the ‘little ice age’ in the 70’s, ice storage has decreased.

Question 22

How has climate change impacted ocean water storage?

Answer 22

Inconclusive