EQ1: what are the impacts of globalisation on international migration Flashcards
what has contributed to an increase in migration since 2000
globalisation
what is meant by the global shift
the movement of jobs from developed nations such as the UK and USA to locations in emerging economies such as China and Mexico. It has affected both manufacturing and services
give to examples of how the global shift has impacted migration
-USA Rustbelt: deindustrialisation in old industrial heartlands of the developed world caused by factory closure
internal migration from northeast Rustbelt (Detroit, Pittsburg, Buffalo) to the southwest sunbelt (California, Arizona) as people move to find work.
-Pearl river delta, China: outsourcing of manufacturing jobs from the developed world TNC’s to lower cost locations
Mass internal rural-urban migration from the countryside to China’s cities, especially of men and women aged 15-25.
why has international migration increased within EU countries?
- in 1990 there were 12 EU member states increasing to 28 by 2013
- a key EU principle is freedom of movement of workers between all members
- since 1993 the EU has operated the single market: a free trade area for goods and services, promoting labour migration
- many EU and other European countries have joined the passport-free Schengen Area since 1995, making migration across borders easier than ever.
globally, what percentage of people live outside their home country?
3.3%
what are reasons for variations in immigrant populations?
- some countries such as the UAE and Singapore are global hubs for trade, transport and tourism. These places are highly globalised and attract many type of migrants, and have flexible immigration and visa policies to help promote economic growth
- Canada, Australia and the USA actively encourage immigration for much of the twentieth century to populate their young vast countries
- EU countries all conform to the policies of single market and free movement, encouraging migration
- Emerging countries (S Africa, Malaysia, Turkey) are engaging with the global economy as they grow, encouraging immigration
- developing countries are less globalised: people migrate internationally to cities but lack the means and skills to consider international migration
what percentage of Japans population are immigrants
1.6%
why are there so few immigrants in Japan?
- Japans immigration policies aren’t strict to economic migrants but rather to refugees
- the Japanese language and homogenous culture make integrating into Japanese society harder than in Europe of North America
- In many developed countries there are already thriving immigrant communities that newcomers can be a part of, but it is not the case in Japan.
- Immigrants to the USA often become ‘American’ in terms of culture and attitudes after a short period of time but in Japan the sense of being ‘foreign’ tends to remain.
define citizenship
being a legal member of a sovereign state with the rights that this brings, such as the right to vote, and live and work indefinitely in that sovereign state.
define Visa
a legal document allowing a person to enter a foreign country. Visa’s have conditions setting out how long people can stay and whether or not they can work.
how much of the UAE’s population is foreign?
almost 90%
what are the different types of migrants?
economic migrants
legal immigrants: they have visas, work permits etc
refugees: migrants forced to move across an international border to escape a threat
asylum seeker: these are refugees who have applied for asylum i.e the right to remain in another country, and are awaiting a decision
illegal immigrants: those who have entered foreign country without documentation, but have done so voluntarily
trafficked illegal immigrants: people forced, or tricked, into migrating to a country who often end up as sex workers, or in modern slavery
define net migration?
the difference between outflows or losses (emigration) and inflows or gains (immigration) over a period of time
how many people has the Syrian war displaced
4 million over international borders
6 million internally
define second-generation migrants
the children of immigrants (first generation)
define family reunification migration
when a migrant is economically successful and settles and then are later joined by other family members like there wives and children or their wider family
what allows immigrants to move freely through most EU countries?
the Schengen Area’s open border (made up of 26 countries which have abolished passport controls etc)
define capitalism
the worlds dominant economic system. It stresses private ownership of businesses, the profit motive, competition between businesses and freedom to trade goods and services.
what are the three key components of capitalist ‘efficiency’?
free trade: international trade in goods and services free from import and export taxes, tariffs and quotas
open borders: labour can move freely to where it is needed by businesses even across international borders
deregulated financial markets: banks are free to lend money and businesses to borrow it, to invest in new economic opportunities.
suggest reasons why international migration is economically beneficial to receiving countries
> migrants fill labour shortages, and are often more skilled and better educated than the population as a whole (e.g immigrants in Britain are more educated than natives with over half of them educated to a degree level)
immigrants contribute more taxes than they receive in social security benefits
immigration increases the working age population
migrants may be more entrepreneurial and risk-taking
suggest reasons why freedom of movement has also accused of challenging national identity
> host populations feeling ‘swamped’ by immigrants with different cultural traditions to their own
the feeling that immigrants get ‘something for nothing’ i.e healthcare without having paid national insurance
physical changes taking place, especially in cities, where people feel the identity of a place ‘feels foreign’ because of new immigrant businesses, places of worship and signs of foreign languages
define national identity
a sense of belonging to a country based on the widely held beliefs, traditions shared history and shared national symbols
give evidence of an increase ‘unease’ over international migration since 2010 / give evidence of nationalism in elections
- 52% of people voted in favour of the UK leaving the EU in the 2016 election
- Donald trumps victory in the US general election in 2016 where immigration was a key issue
- the Front Nationale (anti-immigration party) gaining 25% of the vote in the 2014 EU election in France, and 34% of the vote in 2017 presidential election
how does economic opportunity and lifestyle explain the pattern of Net migration in America
- many retirees move to Florida and Texas for the year-round warm climate in the so-called ‘sunbelt’.
- Washington state, Colorado and Arizona are areas of economic growth (both Amazon and Starbucks headquarters are in Washington state).
- the northeast is the de-industrialised old manufacturing heartland (Rust-belt) so experiences mass job loss.
describe two reasons why internal migration has costs and benefits
- in the UK, London and the southeast are major gainers, but this contributes massively to rising congestion, house prices- but a booming economy and youthful population
- conversely, net losers- the northeast of England, Wales and Scotland- have an ageing population, a ‘brain-drain’ of young skilled workers and higher than average levels of people with ill-health.
- also seen an increase in north and south divide.
define the global elite
wealthy individuals with large assets, representing the richest 1% of the worlds population.
define host culture
the majority, indigenous population of a country or area e.g where British in the UK
what does the process of cultural assimilation mean will happen
immigrants will likely
- adopt the language of the host
- adopt some traditions, beliefs and lifestyles of the host
give examples of factors that can speed up or slow down the process of assimilation
speed up:
-education
-intermarriage
-social exchange
slow down:
-immigrant groups live in segregated communities (sometimes called ghettoes)
-there are significant barriers to social mixing such as religious beliefs, differences in attitudes, to women or racism and prejudice on the part or the host, immigrant group of both
what can a lack of cultural assimilation lead to
‘them and us’ mentality
mistrust
fear
what evidence is there that assimilation in the UK has been relatively successful?
Casey review 2016
- 89% claimed their community is cohesive
- 89% felt they belonged ‘very or fairly strongly to Britain’
- 90% of foreign nationals living in the UK already speak English ‘very well’
what evidence is there that assimilation in the UAE has been less successful?
- UAE citizens make up only 11% of the total population with immigrants making up the rests so there is a large imbalance
- ethnically white/Europeans/N Americans have vey different religions to Arabs, South Asians (christian, muslim, Hindu, Buddhist)
- difference in language, dress and cultural formality i.e different views of women’s roles in society
what are the perceived social costs and benefits of immigration for host countries
+taking employment in key social services (NHS)
- pressure on schools, health system and other social services
- segregated areas of low-income migrants creates diversity
what are the perceived cultural costs and benefits of immigration for host countries
+new foods, fashions and arts
+creates cultural diversity making a country more interesting and global
-some cultural traits are incompatible with the host culture e.g position of women in society
what are the perceived economic costs and benefits of immigration for host countries
+fills labour shortages and skills gaps
+increases taxes paid to government
+boosts the average skill level
-downward pressures of wages, especially of the low paid
-risks of displacing some host population workers
what are the perceived demographic costs and benefits of immigration for host countries
+offsets an ageing population
+boosts fertility rates
-leads to overpopulation and overcrowding
-pressure of housing and house price rises
define remittences
money sent home by immigrants to their families in their country of origin.
give 3 reasons why migration is restricted
- people with low incomes will lack the financial resources to travel e.g buses and air fares
- lower skilled, poorly educated people are less likely to migrate than higher skill people because they have less to offer a new country
- education levels might affect the ability to apply for passport and visas
give to examples of immigration laws designed to prevent mass immigration
- UK point-based system for non EU migrants which effectively excludes low-skilled immigrants and favour investors, graduates and entrepreneurs
- Australias point-based system based on filling gaps in the labour market, meaning only those with the required skills are granted work visas.
define point-based immigration system
one where potential immigrants are awarded points based on their skills, education level and other factors to determine whether they are needed.
