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Geography A-LEVEL: Mr Bromley > EQ1- Hydrological Cycle > Flashcards

EQ1- Hydrological Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a closed system?

A

When there is a transfer of energy but not matter between the system and its surroundings. There are no external inputs/outputs, any inputs come from within the system.

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2
Q

What are stores?

A

Reservoirs where water is held e.g. oceans

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3
Q

What is blue?

A

Water that is stored in rivers, streams, lakes and groundwater in visible forms (visible)

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4
Q

What is green water?

A

Water that is stored in soil and vegetation (invisible) and inaccessible

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5
Q

What are fluxes?

A

Thaler are the measurements of the rate of flow between stores

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6
Q

What are processes?

A

They are the physical mechanisms such as evaporation that drives the flow of water between different stores.

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7
Q

What are the 4 main water stores on earth?

A

Cryosphere
Atmosphere
Terrestrial
Oceans

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8
Q

How much of earths water is stored in the cryosphere? And how long can it remain there?

A

1.9% of earths water is stored here.

The water remains there for an average of 15,000 years

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9
Q

How much of earths water is stored in the Terrestrial stores? And how long can it remain there?

A

1.1101% of earths water is stored here.

It can remain from 1 week to 10,000 years

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10
Q

How much of earths water is stored in the Oceans? And how long can it remain there?

A

96.9% of the earths water is stored in the ocean.

The water remains there for an average of 3600 years

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11
Q

How much of earths water is stored in the Atmosphere? And how long can it remain there?

A

0.01% of earths water is stored here.

The water remains for an average of 10days

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12
Q

What is precipitation?

A

The input into a drainage basin system.

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13
Q

What is interception?

A

The storage of water when it falls on vegetation or man made structures (however most man made structures are bad interceptors).
It is a temporary store before it evaporates or stemflows

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14
Q

What is soil water store?

A

The storage of water in soil. Water is held in the small gaps between soil particles.

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15
Q

What is a channel store?

A

The storage of water in the river channel. The water in a river moving to the sea is a store

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16
Q

What is a vegetation store?

A

The storage of water in vegetation

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17
Q

What is surface runoff?

A

The horizontal flow of water over the surface of the land either in little channels or over the whole surface

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18
Q

What is stem flow?

A

The downwards flow from interception to surface

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19
Q

What is soil flow?

A

The horizontal flow of water through the soil towards the river

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20
Q

What is infiltration?

A

The downwards movement of water from surface to soil

21
Q

What is percolation

A

The downward movement of water from soil to the permeable ground rock

22
Q

What is groundwater flow?

A

The horizontal movement of water through the rock moving slowly towards the river

23
Q

What is river channel flow

A

The movement of water in the river channel moving towards the sea

24
Q

What is evaporation?

A

The output of water when water is heated and turned into a gas

25
Q

Water is transpiration?

A

Water evaporating from leaves through the plant

26
Q

What is evapotranspiration?

A

The combined output of water from evaporation and transpiration

27
Q

What is river output?

A

The output of water from river to sea

28
Q

What is the watershed boundary?

A

The high point of land that divides two draining basins

29
Q

What is a headwater?

A

A small tributary close to or at the source

30
Q

What is the confluence?

A

Where to river join together

31
Q

What is the water table?

A

Is the upper level of permanently saturated soil or rocks

32
Q

What is orographic rain?

A

In mountainous regions air is forced up and over mountains where it cools forming clouds and rains. It then sinks again on the other side of the mountain.
Orographic - ocean, normally near coast

33
Q

What is convectional rain?

A

Normal cloud formation

34
Q

What is frontal rain?

A

When warm area makes contact with cold air the warm air Is forced over the cool where it cools and forms clouds, rain

35
Q

What factors affect the flow of water in a drainage basin?

A

1) Precipitation Intensity
2) slope gradient
3) vegetation cover
4) soil and rock permeability
5) water table depth

36
Q

What factors affect the amount of water that is intercepted?

A

Vegetation type| coniferous, deciduous, croplands or flat earth Precipitation type| showers, Stormy or long periods of rain
Light levels| If it is sunny the water will evaporate off the leaves quicker
Wind speed| strong wind will blow the water off the leaves

37
Q

What factors affect infiltration?

A

Antecedent conditions| dry soil can absorb soil.
Precipitation type| periodic long lasting rainfall
Vegetation type| it allows for water to drip slowly onto the soil.
Soil type| porous soil is needed, e.g. clays are bad, also thick soil is good.
Thick roots| provide soil structure
Rock type| porous rock, allowing percolation
Water table| low

38
Q

What factors affect surface runoff?

A

Atecedant conditions| saturated soil will increase runoff
Vegetation type| more infiltration less Surface runoff
Soil type| permeable means less, impermeable means more
Precipitation type| Heavy/ stormy weather means too much trying to enter the soil at once.
Rock type| impermeable good
Water table| high

39
Q

Factors which affect percolation

A

Soil type| Porous soil is good as water reaches quicker
Rock type| porous with lots of cracks and faults
Water table| low
Gradient of land| groundwater flow increases, making room for more water to percolate

40
Q

What is cloud seeding and how is it disrupting the drainage basin?

A

Hydroscopic nuclei (dust particles) are shot into the atmosphere so clouds can for, around them. They change the amount of precipitation in an area.

41
Q

How is urbanisation affecting the natural drainage basin?

A

Impermeable surfaces increases surface runoff and also reduces interception.

42
Q

How is dam construction affecting the natural drainage basin?

A

Reduces downstream river discharge but also increases evaporation due to the creation of the resivour

43
Q

how is groundwater abstraction disrupting the drainage basin?

A

It is extracted from in the ground faster than the earth can replenish it causing reduced groundwater flow and a low water table

44
Q

How does the size of the river affect the river regime?

A

The size of the river will affect its output

45
Q

How does precipitation affect the river regime?

A

The amount, pattern and intensity of precipitation

46
Q

How does temperature affect the river regime?

A

Evaporation causes river levels to rise or fall

47
Q

How does geology affect river regime?

A

How much water can percolate and permeate. Water can and is regularly stored as groundwater which can supply the river during the dry months

48
Q

How does vegetation affect the river regime?

A

Wetlands for example can hold water and release it slowly into the system

49
Q

How do human activities affect the river regime?

A

Such as dam building which can regulate the flow or activities such as agriculture which can lessen the flow

Geography A-LEVEL: Mr Bromley (3 decks)

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