EQ1- Hydrological Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is a closed system?

A

When there is a transfer of energy but not matter between the system and its surroundings. There are no external inputs/outputs, any inputs come from within the system.

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2
Q

What are stores?

A

Reservoirs where water is held e.g. oceans

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3
Q

What is blue?

A

Water that is stored in rivers, streams, lakes and groundwater in visible forms (visible)

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4
Q

What is green water?

A

Water that is stored in soil and vegetation (invisible) and inaccessible

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5
Q

What are fluxes?

A

Thaler are the measurements of the rate of flow between stores

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6
Q

What are processes?

A

They are the physical mechanisms such as evaporation that drives the flow of water between different stores.

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7
Q

What are the 4 main water stores on earth?

A

Cryosphere
Atmosphere
Terrestrial
Oceans

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8
Q

How much of earths water is stored in the cryosphere? And how long can it remain there?

A

1.9% of earths water is stored here.

The water remains there for an average of 15,000 years

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9
Q

How much of earths water is stored in the Terrestrial stores? And how long can it remain there?

A

1.1101% of earths water is stored here.

It can remain from 1 week to 10,000 years

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10
Q

How much of earths water is stored in the Oceans? And how long can it remain there?

A

96.9% of the earths water is stored in the ocean.

The water remains there for an average of 3600 years

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11
Q

How much of earths water is stored in the Atmosphere? And how long can it remain there?

A

0.01% of earths water is stored here.

The water remains for an average of 10days

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12
Q

What is precipitation?

A

The input into a drainage basin system.

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13
Q

What is interception?

A

The storage of water when it falls on vegetation or man made structures (however most man made structures are bad interceptors).
It is a temporary store before it evaporates or stemflows

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14
Q

What is soil water store?

A

The storage of water in soil. Water is held in the small gaps between soil particles.

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15
Q

What is a channel store?

A

The storage of water in the river channel. The water in a river moving to the sea is a store

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16
Q

What is a vegetation store?

A

The storage of water in vegetation

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17
Q

What is surface runoff?

A

The horizontal flow of water over the surface of the land either in little channels or over the whole surface

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18
Q

What is stem flow?

A

The downwards flow from interception to surface

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19
Q

What is soil flow?

A

The horizontal flow of water through the soil towards the river

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20
Q

What is infiltration?

A

The downwards movement of water from surface to soil

21
Q

What is percolation

A

The downward movement of water from soil to the permeable ground rock

22
Q

What is groundwater flow?

A

The horizontal movement of water through the rock moving slowly towards the river

23
Q

What is river channel flow

A

The movement of water in the river channel moving towards the sea

24
Q

What is evaporation?

A

The output of water when water is heated and turned into a gas

25
Water is transpiration?
Water evaporating from leaves through the plant
26
What is evapotranspiration?
The combined output of water from evaporation and transpiration
27
What is river output?
The output of water from river to sea
28
What is the watershed boundary?
The high point of land that divides two draining basins
29
What is a headwater?
A small tributary close to or at the source
30
What is the confluence?
Where to river join together
31
What is the water table?
Is the upper level of permanently saturated soil or rocks
32
What is orographic rain?
In mountainous regions air is forced up and over mountains where it cools forming clouds and rains. It then sinks again on the other side of the mountain. Orographic - ocean, normally near coast
33
What is convectional rain?
Normal cloud formation
34
What is frontal rain?
When warm area makes contact with cold air the warm air Is forced over the cool where it cools and forms clouds, rain
35
What factors affect the flow of water in a drainage basin?
1) Precipitation Intensity 2) slope gradient 3) vegetation cover 4) soil and rock permeability 5) water table depth
36
What factors affect the amount of water that is intercepted?
Vegetation type| coniferous, deciduous, croplands or flat earth Precipitation type| showers, Stormy or long periods of rain Light levels| If it is sunny the water will evaporate off the leaves quicker Wind speed| strong wind will blow the water off the leaves
37
What factors affect infiltration?
Antecedent conditions| dry soil can absorb soil. Precipitation type| periodic long lasting rainfall Vegetation type| it allows for water to drip slowly onto the soil. Soil type| porous soil is needed, e.g. clays are bad, also thick soil is good. Thick roots| provide soil structure Rock type| porous rock, allowing percolation Water table| low
38
What factors affect surface runoff?
Atecedant conditions| saturated soil will increase runoff Vegetation type| more infiltration less Surface runoff Soil type| permeable means less, impermeable means more Precipitation type| Heavy/ stormy weather means too much trying to enter the soil at once. Rock type| impermeable good Water table| high
39
Factors which affect percolation
Soil type| Porous soil is good as water reaches quicker Rock type| porous with lots of cracks and faults Water table| low Gradient of land| groundwater flow increases, making room for more water to percolate
40
What is cloud seeding and how is it disrupting the drainage basin?
Hydroscopic nuclei (dust particles) are shot into the atmosphere so clouds can for, around them. They change the amount of precipitation in an area.
41
How is urbanisation affecting the natural drainage basin?
Impermeable surfaces increases surface runoff and also reduces interception.
42
How is dam construction affecting the natural drainage basin?
Reduces downstream river discharge but also increases evaporation due to the creation of the resivour
43
how is groundwater abstraction disrupting the drainage basin?
It is extracted from in the ground faster than the earth can replenish it causing reduced groundwater flow and a low water table
44
How does the size of the river affect the river regime?
The size of the river will affect its output
45
How does precipitation affect the river regime?
The amount, pattern and intensity of precipitation
46
How does temperature affect the river regime?
Evaporation causes river levels to rise or fall
47
How does geology affect river regime?
How much water can percolate and permeate. Water can and is regularly stored as groundwater which can supply the river during the dry months
48
How does vegetation affect the river regime?
Wetlands for example can hold water and release it slowly into the system
49
How do human activities affect the river regime?
Such as dam building which can regulate the flow or activities such as agriculture which can lessen the flow