Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Diverse Places > EQ1 > Flashcards

EQ1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is population structure?

A

Population structure is the composition of the population of a country, region or area. The population structure of a place shows how it is divided up by males and females of different age groups.
Other components of population structure include life expectancy, family size and marital status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How much has the UK population increased between 1961 and 2011?

A

10.4 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the rural-urban continuum?

A

The merging of a town or country. There is rarely either a physical or social divide between rural and urban areas. The urban built environment transitions into the urban-rural fringe, then into the farming and commuter zone which subsequently becomes the deep countryside and finally we see remote rural environments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the external and internal factors that can cause a place to change?

A 
Internal factors (originate from within): Cultural change; new employment opportunities; house prices; population change (growth, decline, aging); new transport links; closure/opening of industry 
External factors: investment from TNCs; Tourism; Migration; Trade
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the reasons for population trends?

A
  • Rising economic prosperity of London and the SE
  • London has become a global hub of finance and business
  • Hub of modern service industries
  • Decline of manufacturing in NE and Midlands
  • Collapse of traditional industry in Midlands and NE; e.g coal mining, iron and steel, ship building due to foreign competition and government policy of Margaret Thatcher
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the population density of England compares to Scotland?

A

England - 406.5 people per km2

Scotland - 67.3 people per km 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the factors affecting the population density of an area?

A

Planning- Planners control new developments. There have been greenbelts and other policies, particularly since WWII.
Socio economic status- The wealthier live in expensive housing areas which usually means they are detached/ semi-detached and therefore lower density. They will also avoid polluted areas (contributing to out-migration/ counter- urbanisation) so will be in the suburbs
Dwelling type and household size- High density blocks of flats will inevitably result in higher population densities. Terraced inner-city housing will also have higher densities
Physical factors- Flat areas allow for housing to be built so population densities will be higher in these areas
Functions (resident V non residential) - Lowered density if intermixed. Manufacturing areas means lower quality environments which will mean that fewer people will want to live there. More offices in the CBD means lower densities, higher prices and people pushed out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What has driven the change in population structure - factors affecting birth rates.

A

Women’s status: 1928 vote, pay, age at marriage, delaying starting family - avg age 30.5 years
Reduction in family size: 1900 = 4.6 , 1950 = 2.2, 2015 = 1.7
Decline in infant mortality
Less religious influence
Contraception: Pill 1961
Abortion : 1967
Consumerism: burden of having children (£218,000 in 2012)
Recession (oil crisis 1970s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What has driven the change in population structure - factors affecting death rates.

A

Healthcare: 1798 Small Pox vaccinations discovered. 1921 tetanus vaccine. 1848 Public health act. 1911 National insurance. NHS 1948
Hygiene, sanitation, health and safety: Indoor toilets, clean water supply, improved sewage system. Seatbelts and working conditions
Lifestyle, nutrition: Clean air act 1956, public smoking ban 2007
Globalisation: Dangerous jobs outsourced or done by machinery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How much has the UK’s median age increased between 1974 & 2014

A

From 33.9 to 40 (aging pop)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the causes of change in UK urban areas 1960s - 2010

A

60s - Economic boom and industrialisation, Windrush
70s - Economic decline and deindustrialisation, demolition of older housing and building of new high rise flats
80s - Global recession, Competition from TNCs, redevelopment of the inner city, counter urbanisation
90s - Regeneration of CBDs, rise in migrants from middle east and Africa
00s - EU migration (2004 Expansion), 2007/8 crash demise of secondary and tertiary industries, competition from China
10’s - Rebranding and regeneration, reduction in funding to council, refugees from North Africa & Syria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain a systems view of population change

A

Inputs = Births and international immigration
Processes = Natural change & net migration
Outputs - Deaths and international emigration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Natural Change?

A

Number of Births - number of Deaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Net Migration

A

Number of Immigrants - Emigrants
Arrivals exceed departures = net in-migration
Departures exceed arrivals = net out-migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why are you likely to find different numbers of males and females and ages in various places in the UK?

A

Some industries may be dominated by a particular gender (e.g offshore oil industry)
There are higher numbers of young male economic migrants
The elderly tend to locate in quieter locations (e.g Bournemouth); females tend to live longer than males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain reasons for variations of population density within the UK (6)

A

Population density varies greatly in the UK.
High population density in and around London (e.g Islington has highest pop density in UK). London offers many job opportunities and is therefore attractive itself as well as commuter villages.
Lower population densities in Scotland (e.g. Highlands and Eileen Scar only 9 people per km2). This is due to the colder climate with lots of wind and rain as well as the hilly mountainous landscape making it less accessible, there are poor transport links and fewer job opportunities.
ALSO south coast = higher pop then some surrounding rural locations as elderly people prefer retiring to the coast for a more peaceful lifestyle

17
Q

What are the economic/political factors that have caused rural places to change in the UK?

A
  • Mechanisation of farming
  • Fewer employment opportunities
  • Seasonal employment
  • Low pay
  • Growth of out of town shopping centres and supermarkets
  • Government policy favours urban areas
  • Limited choice of education and childcare
  • Planning laws/ greenbelt
  • Ownership of second homes
  • Low investment from business
18
Q

What are the social factors that have caused rural places to change in the UK?

A
  • Rural to urban migration, especially of the young
  • Growth in counter urbanisation and sleeper towns
  • Brain drain- less educated left behind
  • Less rural voice
  • Social isolation, due to cuts in services for both elderly and young
19
Q

Explain why rural places vary in terms of the age characteristics of their populations (6)

A

-The rural-urban continuum depends on their accessibility to larger towns and cities which impacts their age structure
-Rural places closer to cities are likely to have large working population for commuter access - this will increase age groups of 25-40 and also the very young as commuting villages are more expensive so tend to have older residents with children
-Rural areas that have high housing prices will reduce the numbers in 15-25 as its too expensive for these people to afford the available housing
-Less-accesible remote villages will have few employment opportunities so suffer out-migration of the young (15-30) leaving a “Legacy” population that tends to be older (45+)
-other rural communities attract retirement migrants and thus have older populations (60+)
(SEE MODEL ANSWER)

20
Q

CASE STUDY: THERE CAN BE CONSIDERABLE VARIATION IN POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS BOTH IN AND BETWEEN SETTLEMENTS

A 
Population density:
Brent- 7520 p/km2
Bromley- 2160 p/km2
Average Age:
Brent- 35 years
Bromley- 40 years
English Speaking:
Brent - 63%
Bromley - 94%
Education: (adults with no qualifications 2014)
Brent - 8%
Bromley - 4%
STATE REASONS FOR EACH
21
Q

Define ethnicity

A

This is the cultural heritage shared by a group of people that sets them out from others. The most common characteristics of ethnicity are racial ancestry, a sense of history, language, religion and dress

22
Q

As of 2011 what % of the UK population is of an ethnic minority?

A

12.9%

23
Q

CASE STUDY: Demographic contrast between settlements - London’s commuter villages and remote Welsh villages.

A

SEE FLASHCARD

24
Q

Describe a timeline of migration in the UK from the 1950s

A
  • 1950/60s = Black Caribbean migrants arrived to fill post-war job shortages and Pakistani and Indian migrants from poor areas (initially just men)
    -1960s/70s = Asian asylum seekers from Uganda, Vietnamese refugees, Black African migration from former colonies
    1980s = Many Chinese students migrating over
    2000s Opening of EU borders attracting lots of Eastern European migrants
25
Q

What does social clustering mean?

A

Social clustering means a preference for people to live closer to others they associate with, for example communities of similar ethnicity or religion.

26
Q

Provide examples of social clustering

A

In London for example. social clustering of different ethnic communities can be seen throughout the city.
2001 Census recorded 153,983 people of Bangladeshi origin reside in London with a large proportion living in the Borough of Tower Hamlets.
There is a Hindu Temple in Wembley (In 2011 46.2% of Wembley’s population were Hindu)
“Curry Mile” in Manchester

27
Q

What are the reasons for social clustering/ ethnic segregation?

A
  • Reduces social isolation and increases safety from racist attacks
  • Increases political power and influence e.g Tottenham’s MP is David Lammy of Caribbean descent
  • Familiarity - people share the same culture/ language/ religion etc
  • Access to familiar shops, goods, food, restaurants
28
Q

How does social clustering/ethnic segregation cause problems for urban areas?

A
  • Social clustering means that despite London being multicultural many of its ethnicities do not mix and exist in isolation
  • Where on ethnicity dominates others might feel isolated leading to tension
29
Q

How does social clustering/ethnic segregation cause problems for urban areas?

A
  • Social clustering means that despite London being multicultural many of its ethnicities do not mix and exist in isolation
  • Where on ethnicity dominates others might feel isolated leading to tension
  • Groups separated by language/culture may find it harder for communities to gain understanding as mixing does not occur
  • Social diversity erodes core/traditional British culture leading to tensions in some place where this change is rapid –> results in White Flight
30
Q

What are the reasons for differences in the distribution of cultural diversity?

A
  • Social clustering (or segregation) occurs by choice or by combination of forces beyond the control of individual such as house prices or gov policy
  • Accessibility –> areas with greater access to urban areas will have more ethnic diversity
  • Physical factors like farm land, docks, remoteness, climate, flood plains
  • Government policy and planning –> formation of ghettos, relocation of asylum seekers, social housing
  • Rates of internal and international migration caused by pull factors and migration laws
31
Q

What is UK traditional and core culture?

A 
Democratic
Christian
Liberty
Tolerance
Elitist
Equality for women/ homosexuals
Constitutional Monarchy
Language
Literature
Theatre, Music etc
32
Q

What are the two pathways of cultural change?

A
  1. A change in mix of ethnic groups driven by migration

2. The gradual dissemination of a constantly updated “new” culture by the mass media

33
Q

What is cross-cultural exchange?

A

Over time migrants will be slowly assimilated and will come to understand some aspects of the traditional culture and slowly adapt to it. Over generations some/all will adopt it. However this works both ways and core culture will take some of immigrant culture too.

Diverse Places (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions