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Health, Human Rights and Intervention > EQ1 > Flashcards

EQ1 Flashcards

1
Q

define development

A

Often means “Change for the better”
-concerned with economic development which leads to improvments in quality of life
-may include industralisation, urbanisation, and increasing standards of living in terms of healthcare, education and housing
Some agree it is based on a Eurocentric viewpoint, we relate development to uor own lives and experience

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2
Q

What are the traditional measures of development

A

GDP
GDP per capita
GDP per capita per PPP
GNI per capita

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3
Q

define GDP

A

total value of goods and services a country produces in a year (or quarter); it reflects the countrys economic activity and broadly represents the standard of living in a country

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4
Q

define GDP per capita

A

GDP divided into the number o people in the country, giving a measure of mean wealth per person. however this diguises disparities between the very rich and very poor

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5
Q

define GDP per capita per PPP

A

GDP per capita per Purchasing power parity:
GDP per capita adjusted according to purchasing power parity (PPP); it considers the difference in costs of living between countries (usually compared to USA)

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6
Q

define GNI per capita

A

The total wealth created by a country, including income from exports (minus taxes and debt). Since currency exchange rates vary, this measure can change considerabley over time

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7
Q

Name the alternative measures of development

A

The happy planet index
The freedom index
The KOF index

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8
Q

define the happy planet index

A

Devised by the New Economic foundation. Combines impacts on natural environment (eco footprint) with the well being of people (life expectancy) and considers the efficiency of resource use in improving poeples lives without damdhing the environment. It does not contain a strong economic component

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9
Q

define the freedom index

A

Considers political rights, civil liverties and freedom status; 2016 N.africa region had least freedom with (72%) of countries (not free) where as Eurasia had (58%), Sub sahara (41%) and Europe (14%) and so it is not surprising that so many asaylum seekers flee to europe

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10
Q

define the KOF index of globalisation

A

measures the strength of links between countries using economic, social and political criteria, measures development indirectly as countries with greatest links are likely to have developed in terms of trade, incestment and seceo-political power

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11
Q

What are the differences between traditional and contemporary measures of development

A
  • Traditaional measures generally take into account a single specific peace of data (likely economic) however have a large data set and has been collected long enough to show trends
  • Contemporary measures tend to take many factors into account to form a composite measures, they are more likely to include soceo-political as well as environmentall factors, however their data sets are significantly smaller and have not been collected for as long a time
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12
Q

Define human capital

A

The knowledge, assets or skills a person can bring to an organisation

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13
Q

What is central to developing human capital and why

A
  • Education is central because people need knowledge, understanding and skills in order to improve their lives
  • Better workers help the development of a country, through education, literacy levels improve and this enables poeple to learn and communicate more widely
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14
Q

What are the four fundemental things people begin to understand after becoming educated

A
  • Need for basic hygene and healthcare
  • Family planning and size control
  • How to become involved in decision making
  • Rights in the 21st Century
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15
Q

Whats the difference between developed and developing countries in children in educaiton

A

Developed:
Children attend primary and secondary school before progressing to higher education
Developing: often children between 7-14 enter work in industry or farming to help support family

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16
Q

Name the stats for education for children

A

UN: Bangladesh, 59m primary ager and 65m lower secondary age out of school mostly girls
-2015, 69% of countries have gender equal primary school access and 48% for secondary

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17
Q

What increases likelyhood of problems with education

A

-Poverty
-Epidemics
-Natural disasters
-Conflicts
Countries in the sahel, 30m children (6-11 years) out of school, 2x girls to boys

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18
Q

why are developed countries more equal in education

A

They tend to be modern democraces which have requality laws to ensure equal opportunities whereas developing countries tend to lack these

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19
Q

How is economic development and health linked

A

Countries with high economic development tend to have greater health statistics. This is because increased wealth gives the possibility for greater investment into healthcare e.g. better medical equipment, better health education and greater labour force in medical proffesions. Equally however improvments in healthcare lead to increased economic gains, a healthier population means a more economically productive one, less sick / damaged people increases the value of their human capital

20
Q

How does Sharia law work, positives negatives:

A

Sharia law is a system of laws based on the quoraan. It is enforced by countries such as saudi arabia (most extreme) and increasingly in indonesia.
-Seperation of church and state is non-existent
-Opposite of Secularism
Examples of sharia law in Saudi Arabia:
-lack of womens rights in basic things such as education, or driving
-Death penalty for apostacy and herecy
-Decapitation of limbs for theft
Saudi Arabia has lots of wealth from their excessive oil, they hold somewhat of a monopoly on global oil, hence the lack of significant sanctions
Pro (ish):
-Disputes are cheaper
-Reduction of crime (crime by saudi standards)
Cons: No banks, low gdp growth, 146th in world for freedoms, no rights

21
Q

What are Evo Morales’ policies, pros and cons. who is Evo

A

Evo Morales is the leader of the socialist movement in Bolivia with a radical emphasis on envrionmental policy known as Law of the Rights of Mother Earth:

  • mother nature has rights including to remain unaltered
  • Government has dury to protect mother nature by reducing resource consumption of resources and removing weapons of mass destruction
  • Damage done to mother nature is our responsibility and action must be taken to amend mistakes and restore equilibrium

The law is an attempt to respond to climate change and increasing pollution, consequently bolivas economic structure has to be adapted and so does the traditional model of development.
-Law has little to say about human development e.g. education, equality freedom etc
Bolivia is one of the poorest countries, 1/4 of eople live on less than a $2 a day.
Morales’ popularity has decreased due to the deprived exploitation of resources leading to mass unemployment

22
Q

What is more significant, social or economic development ?

A

economic development has influence on wealth, healthcare etc. however they are not always correlated e.g. Saudi arabia, 14th for GDP, 146th for freedom. Social development may decrease economic development and increase environmental quality, however it may not prevent poverty in the area, e.g. in Bolivia, very little environmental footprints but 1/4 of the population lives on $2 a day

23
Q

What factors affect access to education

A

Culture, Religion + Gender, Social Class, Physical and Mental disabilities

24
Q

How does culture affect access to education

A

Sub saharan Africa has 32m children who do not recieve primary education. Highest of any region
-Central-East Asia has 20m

25
Q

How does Gender + Religion affect access to education

A

54% of uneducated children are girls. This predominantley in the Arab states and Asia where culture and religion is particularly misogonistic. Girls are seen as destined for household work whereas boys tend to recieve a fuller education

26
Q

How does Social Class affect access to education

A

Some say being born into working class family is fatlistic. Young people coming from working calss are less likely to enter into A level education but rather vocational subjects as they view education as a prelude to a manual job.
Middle Class are more likely to amphasise education
Families with greater wealth can provide more resources for education

27
Q

How do physical and mental disabilities affect access to education

A

Physical:
Children with physical disabilities are likely to loose out on lessons and clasroom excersises due to hospitalisation
-Fatigue is common for basic tasks
-Functional disabilities may inhibit ability to write or read and have reduced speed in utilising learning resources
-May impact interaction with other students leading to a felling of separation and lonliness which may have an impact on learning
Mental:
-Hospitalisation may limit class contact time
-May have rigid thinking patterns and inflexible approaches to tasks
-Students may isolate themselver from others, depleting motivation to work
-May have inconsisten perfromence due to anxiety or percieved inadquecies
-Anxiety may impact performance in tutorials and exams
-short term memory loss and lac of attention span
-Can be overwhemed by information
-Impulsive and unpredictable behaviour

28
Q

What are the patterns of development in the developing world

A

Developed countries have a higher life expectancy compared to developing countries.
-Under 2005 Glen Eagles agreement, sub saharan countries had their debt canclled, consequently many of those countries have fast growing economies. Despite this there is still lots of inequality.

29
Q

How progressed is development in Algeria

A 
From 1980 to 2014:
-GDP up 30%
-Schooling years up 4.5 years
-HDI rose from 0.573 - 0.736
However:
-Low literacy rate
-20% of rural population lacking access to safe sanitaiton
-23% of Algerians living below poverty line

Desite shortcomings, 80% of country is sahara yet it has benefited from strong leadership and surpassed several MDG’s, well ahead of the 2015 targets including reducing extreme poverty by half, achieving primary school enrolment rate of 98% in 2011 for children under 6. Infant and maternal mortality rates have also improved considerably. Largely due to oil revenues (98% of export earnings and 36% of GDP). Oil wealth used to drive punlic investment which is intefral to dramatic improvments in development

30
Q

How progressed is development in the Democratic Republic of Congo

A

Life expectancy: 56 years
GDP(PPP): $800
-Conflict due to the natural resources: gold, silver etc
-Harsh impact on food distribution and supply
-6m died (50% children under 5)
Results in unstable governance, civil conflict, controversial elections and power struggle
-40% of children malnourished

31
Q

Describe health and life expectancy in the developed word

A

Variation in developed world e.g. Russia (70.5y) - Japan (83.7y)
Linked to diet, lifestyle an relative deprivation + access to healthcare.
-Positive correlation between spending and life expectancy, Switzerland $9,673 per capita, Russia $893 per capita
-Life expectancy highest in west+north europe and developed east asian nations and lowest in eastern europe and middle east. But there do exist anomalies
-South Korea and Japan have low expenditure per capia whilst USA has relativley low life expectancy compared to spending (3rd highest in world)
-Japanese nation centre for global medicine found the main reason for long life ecpectancy was a healthy balanced diet, other reasons included excersice among elderly community and advancments in medicine
2016 national centre for health statistics said that 48% of male life epectancy gap can be attributed to firearms, drugs and vehicle accidents.
-2012 national reaserch reported higher poverty levels lack of access to healthcare for poor people and care for elderley was related to low life ecpectancy
-Obesity and pollution levels decrease life expectancy

32
Q

define maternal mortality

A

number of deaths of feales per 100,000 births while pregnant or within 42 days of pregnancy finishing

33
Q

define life expectancy

A

average number of years a person might be expected to live based on year and place of birth

34
Q

define infant mortality

A

number of deaths of children under 1 year of age compared within the total number of live births in one year in an area

35
Q

define a totaliterian regime

A

system of govenance that is centralised and dictatorial; requires complete subserviance e.g. North Korea, China

36
Q

define welfare states

A

A state that has policies in place to ensure social progress e.g. healthcare, education. Soending on the welness of all citizens is a priority

37
Q

define social progress

A

Societies have the power to improve their ability to meet basic human needs and create opportunities of people to improve their lot within society

38
Q

define conservative welfare

A

Basic coverage, citizens must work loads as the rest is privately ensured e.g. USA

39
Q

define social welfare

A

Most things covered, social security, healthcare, maternity paternity e.g. Norway or Denmark

40
Q

Describe France’s spending

A
  • High government sppending -over 56% of GDP
  • Healthcare system is predominantley state funded, 4th largest spending as a % of its GDP in G20
  • France’s residents pay €150 per family per month for healthcare, however government still coers the largest proportion of the healthcare budget
  • Welfare pension payments are also high. In 2018, someone who worked full time for 40 years gets a €17400 a year state pension whereas UK it is £7500
  • Education: high spending, about €8500 per student, London its £7500 but in rural ares £3,750
41
Q

Describe Saudi Arabias spending

A
  • G20’s most autocratic nation
  • 97% of export earnings come from oil and is laregly owned by the royal elite, they control the economy and to some extent, global oil prices. Spending is dependant on oil prices
  • Half of employees are expats on contract work, all decisions depend on royal family
  • 80% state funded healthcare, high quality and free
  • Welfare and pesnion varies. 2015m 1/3 og working age saudis were in work, but officially unemployment rate was 12% (high by internation standards)
  • 22% of saudi women work
  • Time magazine said 20% lived in poverty
  • half population is under 25 or less
  • Unemployment pay is £400 a month of a year
  • Pensions are low at £300
  • Education spending is lower than in france, it focuses more on religous education rather than scientific and technical education
  • poorly trained teachers and school leavers struggle to find jobs in technical industries and governments
  • Expats tend to be better qualified and more skilled
42
Q

What is the World Bank

A
  • Founding member of Global partnership for education, this established millenium development goals 2 and 3
  • GPE aims to develop a sound education system for children in developing countries especially in numeracy and reading
  • Focused on most disadvanteged e.g. girls, minorities and kids with disabilities
  • $35 billion in education programmes
  • Initiated climate change aciton plan:
  • -aimed to help developing countries such as india to add 30GW of renewable energy (enough for 150m homes)
  • -Provide early flood warning systems for 100m people and develop agricultura in 40 countries by 2020
  • Eliminate poverty
43
Q

What are the 8 Millenium Development Goals

A

Established by UN to be achieved 2000-2015:

1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2) universal primary education
3) promote gender equality and empower women
4) reduce child mortality
5) imporve maternal health
6) comat HIV/Aids, malara and others
7) Ensure environmental stability
8) Develop a global partnership for development

44
Q

What is the International Monetary Fund

A
  • Aims to strenghten weaker currencies and faster stronger conomic development policies
  • Works with heavily in debt nations, in return for re-arranging loans at better interest rates and affordable repayments, the IMF imposes Structural Adjustment Polcies (SAP’s)
  • SAPS’s involve conditions enforeced on countries (e.g. privatisation of the enrgy and water sector) where the nation plays a lesser role in the economy and in social welfare (reductions in spending on health and education)
  • Effects often reductions in education and health provisions where main beneficiaries were TNC’s

Since 2000, MDG’s increased and led IMF to focus on global poverty through the poverty reduction program. Rather than imposed conditions, countries now develop their own development goals to recieve aid, loans and debt relief

45
Q

What is the World Trade Organisation

A

Encourages increase in trade as a way of promoting economic development and reducing their debt
-May policies not as intended, e.g. often resulted in environmental degredation such as: rainforest clearing, biodiversity damage, forest land cleared for crops -> especially in Indonesia
WTO tries to tackle environmental problems by:
-restricting international movement of harmful or endagnered species
-challenging trade agreements where there may be implication for climate change e.g. deforestation
-There are conflicts of interest between most powerful countries in WTO an limiting trade

Health, Human Rights and Intervention (2 decks)

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