EQ1

Question 1

what is the water reserve with the shortest residence time and what is that residence time?

Answer 1

biospheric water-1 week

Question 2

what is the water reserve with the longest residence time and what is that residence time?

Answer 2

groundwater-up to 10,000 years

Question 3

what are the top 3 stores of water in terms of volume?

Answer 3

ocean
ice
groundwater

Question 4

what volume of water does the ocean hold?

Answer 4

1.3 trillion km3

Question 5

what volume of water does ice hold?

Answer 5

26 million km3

Question 6

what volume of water does groundwater hold?

Answer 6

15.3 million km3

Question 7

what percent of global water is oceans?

Answer 7

97.5

Question 8

what percent of global water is freshwater?

Answer 8

2.5

Question 9

what freshwater water source is the largest?

Answer 9

glaciers

Question 10

what percent of freshwater is surface and atmospheric water?

Answer 10

0.4

Question 11

what 2 processes drive the hydrological cycle?

Answer 11

solar energy

GPE

Question 12

what is another name for water balance?

Answer 12

water budget

Question 13

what is water balance?

Answer 13

the balance between precipitation, evaporation and runoff. it’s a tool to asses the current status and trends in water availability of an area over a specific amount of time.

Question 14

what is the water balance equation?

Answer 14

P=Q+E +ΔS

Question 15

what does P mean in the water balance equation?

Answer 15

precipitation

Question 16

what does Q mean in the water balance equation?

Answer 16

runoff/river discharge

Question 17

what does E mean in the water balance equation?

Answer 17

evaporation

Question 18

what does S mean in the water balance equation?

Answer 18

storage in soil, aquifers, or reservoirs

Question 19

how are rainforests self-sustaining in terms of water?

Answer 19

high rates of interception and evapotranspiration cause high humidity +heavy local convectional rainfall-rainwater recycled within system

Question 20

what factors affect river regimes?

Answer 20

size of river+where measurements are taken in basin
amount, pattern and intensity of precipitation
temperature
geology+overlying soils-permeability+porosity
amount+type of vegetation cover (wetlands can hold water+release it slowly into system)
human activities like dam building

Question 21

what is a river regime?

Answer 21

the annual variation in discharge or flow of a river at a particular point or gauging station usually measured in cumecs.

Question 22

what are the social impacts of Karachi’s water crisis?

Answer 22

• water pumps running 2h a fortnight in middle of night
• criminal gangs siphoning off water + selling it for inflated amounts
• diseases from dirty water
• gender inequality-woman spends her whole day looking for water/conserving it

Question 23

what are the economic impacts of Karachi’s water crisis?

Answer 23

agricultural loss

people spending loads of their money on water-1/2 their wages

Question 24

what are the environmental impacts of Karachi’s water crisis?

Answer 24

agricultural loss
rivers, lakes and wells dry up
saltwater encroachment- water in wells becoming salty
lack of vegetation-change of ecosystem-desertification

Question 25

fact about humans affecting amazonia?

Answer 25

tocatins river showed 25% increase in river discharge 1960-1997, coincident w increased deforestation.