EQ1- 3.1 Flashcards
What is globalisation?
Globalisation is a process that involves widening and deepening global connections, interdependence and flows of economics, politics, culture, goods and services with few barriers.
Types of globalisation
- economic
- political
- social
- cultural
- environmental
Economic globalisation
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Refers to the increasing interconnectedness of economies across the world through a strengthening of trade of goods, services, technologies and capital.
For example, TNCs are the biggest driver of this.
Political globalisation
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Refers to the growth of political co-operation existing between countries. Including the growth of trading blocs.
For example, global action on climate change.
Social globalisation
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Refers to how population structures have changed as a result of shifting population characterises such as migration.
For example, growth of online social networks and migrant families.
Cultural globalisation
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Refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings and values around the world to extend social relations.
Normally consists of western cultural traits dominating territories.
For example, glocalisation of products.
Environmental globalisation
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Refers to a holistic approach to natural problems and issues, looking at the international environment rather than just the local or national issues.
For example, The Paris Agreement
The Paris Agreement
An international treaty on climate change
Global flows definition
things that countries share with one another. They are the reason globalisation exists
Types of global flows
Capital- the movement of money between countries
Labour- the movement of people who move to work in another country
Products- physical goods (commodities) from one country to another
Services- industries that are located anywhere
Information- international news via the internet, phone calls
Two main factors accelerating globalisation and the shrinking world
- Transport developments
- Communications development (Technology/ICT)
Transport developments
19th century
- railways were developed through steam power based on coal improved land
- water transport also developed introducing steamships
- both allowing the movement of goods and people across the globe
20th century
- refinement of oil introduced jet aircraft, providing faster travel of goods and more people being able to travel between countries (E.g. EasyJet)
- transport costs also reduced as transport got more efficient. For example, through containerisation which allowed larger loads to be transported at a time
Communications developments
Telecommunications:
- The telegraph first allowed for fast messaging between countries followed by the telephone and television.
- From the 1960s this was improved by satellite technology and later fibre-optic cables underneath oceans.
Computers and internet:
- Linking computers in different countries became possible with the developments of webs in the 1980s. Allowing business developments and the use of global brands and social media.
Shrinking world definition
A theory of how technological advancements has bought places closer together.
e.g. its faster to travel between places
Time-space compression definition
A set of processes that cause the distances between places to become shorter, effectively making such places grow “closer”
Other factors accelerating globalisation (list)
- TNCs
- International organisations
- Migration
- Development of countries
- Online purchasing
Other factors accelerating globalisation: TNCs
Large companies invest in several countries and make links between places with raw materials, factories and consumers.
They have influenced global culture and improved local economies by providing job opportunities.
They try to appeal to local markets by the process of glocalisation which means products are specially designed for the taste of the consumer. E.g. McDonald’s has different menu items in different countries.
Other factors accelerating globalisation: International organisations
Big players in the political trade (WTO, World Bank, UN) agree to international rules and ‘police’ international interactions.
Other factors accelerating globalisation: Migration
International migration had led to a spread of culture across the globe.
International tourism has also increased; more people can travel abroad for holidays due to lower transport costs.
Other factors accelerating globalisation: Development of countries
As developing countries emerge economically, they become more involved in global systems (e.g. India)
Other factors accelerating globalisation: Online purchasing
between countries is becoming increasingly common
