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physical-coasts > EQ1 > Flashcards

EQ1 Flashcards

1
Q

<p>marine processes</p>

A

<p>processes associated with the action of waves</p>

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2
Q

<p>sub-aerial processes</p>

A

<p>refers to the processes of weathering and mass movement</p>

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3
Q

<p>geology</p>

A

<p>the physical structure of rocks</p>

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4
Q

<p>dynamic equilibrium</p>

A

<p>when inputs and outputs are balanced due to the wide range of natural processes and interactions that occur within it</p>

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5
Q

<p>the littoral zone</p>

A

<p>a coastal zone (including sediments) marked from highest sea level live to shallow offshore water</p>

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6
Q

backshore

A

only affected by waves during very high tides

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7
Q

foreshore

A

waves vary between low+high tide

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8
Q

nearshore

A

shallow waters
intense human activity
transferring sediments by currents close to shore

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9
Q

uks littoral zone-cells

A

closed system
determined by topography (shape of land) and processes
classification of coastline

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10
Q

how are waves created?

A

created by wind break because the base of wave are slowed down by the friction of the sea bed

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11
Q

how are tides created?

A

controlled by the gravity of the gravitational pull of the moon, sun and earth-the strongest gravitational pull has the strongest influence on tides

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12
Q

how to classify the littoral zone?

A

geology
level of energy
changes in sea level

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13
Q

difference between resistant rocky coastlines and coastal plains?

A

resistant rocky coastlines-can withstand frequent winter storms, high energy
coastal plains-deposition usually exceeds erosion, waves usually less powerful (less energy)

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14
Q

what affects erosion resistance?

A

how reactive the minerals are in the rock
how many cracks/fractures/weaknesses there are in the rock
whether rocks are clastic

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15
Q

describe isostatic change

A

when the land is moving relative to sea level
the effects of isostatic change are always local
an accumulation of sediment can cause compression

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16
Q

describe eustatic change

A

when the sea level is changing relative to a point on the land
caused by a change in the volume of water in the sea
effects are always global (global sea level rise) eg global warming melting glacier on land

17
Q

characteristics of cliffed rocky coastlines

A

cliffs are vertical but cliff angles can be much lower

18
Q

characteristics of sandy coastlines

A

at high tide the sandy beach is inundated but vegetated dunes aren’t
dune vegetation is critical in stabilising the coast and preventing erosion

19
Q

characteristics of estuarine coastline

A

extensive mudflats exposed to low tide, inundated at high tide
closer to back shore mudflats are vegetated forming a salt marsh
the coastline gradually transitions from land to sea

20
Q

deformation

A

the degree to which rock units have been deformed by tectonic activity

21
Q

faulting

A

the presence of major fractures that have moved rocks from their original position

22
Q

define concordant coastlines

A

where the rock strata run parallel to the coast but vary in resistance to the sea

23
Q

define discordant coastlines

A

where the rock strata meets the coast at a 90 angle in parallel bands
more resistant geology remains as headlands, less resistant geology is eroded to form bays

24
Q

why are headlands eroded more than bays at a discordant coastline?

A

headlands are hit by waves first-waves bend towards objects when the height of land changes
the waves energy is concentrated at the headland-this leads to erosion
however (for bays) the waves energy is dissipated when it reaches the bays

25
Q

characteristics of a Dalmatian coast (conc CL) eg croatia

A

drowned by sea level rise during the holocene
geology of Dalmatia is limestone (sedimentary rock)
the rock has been folded by tectonic activity into a series of anticlines and synclines that run parallel to the current coastline

26
Q

characteristics of a Half coast (conc CL)-found on southern fringes of the Baltic Sea

A

long sediment ridges run parallel to the coast just offshore, creating lagoons (haffs) between ridges and shore
sediment was deposited at the end of the last ice age as glaciers retreated and meltwaters entered the sea
low energy coastlines

27
Q

holocene

A

began about 12000 years ago at the end of the last ice age
change in climate and sea level temperature increases lead to a significant melting of glaciers and huge changes in sea level

28
Q

anticline

A

a fold in which the oldest rocks occur in the core of a fold

29
Q

what are cliff profiles influenced by?

A

resistance to erosion of the rock

dip of rock strata in relation to the coastline

30
Q

rates of erosion

A

how fast tock types are eroding at the coast

31
Q

rates of recession

A

how fast the coastline is moving inland (backwards)

32
Q

unconsolidated sediment

A

material such as sand, clay that hasn’t been compacted to become sedimentary rock (clastic-no lithification) and so easily eroded

33
Q

igneous rocks

A

formed from molten rock that’s cooled and solidified

34
Q

metamorphic rocks

A

formed from other rocks that are changed because of heat or pressure eg earth movements can cause rocks to be deeply buried or squeezed=rocks are heated and put under great pressure=don’t melt=minerals they contain are changed chemically forming met rocks

35
Q

sedimentary rocks

A

deposited rocks build up in layers=sediments (process is sedimentation) weight of sediments on top squashes the sediments at bottom=compaction. the waters squeezed out from between the pieces of rock and crystals of different salts form. the crystals stick pieces of rock together=cementation. dead remains of plants and animals (fossils) are usually found between layers.

physical-coasts (1 decks)

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