EQ1 Flashcards
three factors to help accelerate the global shift
- (individual asian countries began to allow overseas companies access to their markets) new open door policy
- (TNCS began to see new areas for manufacturing) outsourcing
- FDI began to flow into the merging or re-emerging asian countries
impacts of people of the growth in services to india
- GDP inc from 15%>50%=job creation
- investment in infrastructure and specialised education (due to liberalised policies which allow FDI)
- work is highly repetitive
impacts on the environment from growth in services in india
- loss of agricultural land>pressure on greenbelt>countries relies on for exports>structural unemployment in that sector
- infrastructure contributed to built env eg call centres
impacts on people from the growth of manufacturing in china
- better education and training (7.2mil graduated uni free, compulsory 6-15, 94% age 15 literate)
- rise in both rural and urban disposable income
impact on the environment from the growth of manufacturing in china
- over exploitation of resources and resource pressure (cant keep up with demand) over 40% of farmland suffering
- increase in unplanned settlements, rapid industrialisation inc demand inc informal housing
- infrastructure benefits-built environment (82 airports built since 2000)
deindustrialisation
the mass closure of industries in regions traditionally associated with secondary industrial production, also features high unemployment levels
consequences of deindustrialisation-high unemployment (redcar)
lower disposable income>less injected into local econ>shop closures>less attractive to investors
can’t offer FT work>inefficient labour usage>minimises tax and disposable income
structural unemployment (lack of diversification)
consequences of deindustrialisation-high unemployment (leicester)
lower incomes>demand for housing decreased
small textiles industry>less opp for growth and investment>employment isn’t plentiful>viscous cycle
consequences of deindustrialisation-crime (redcar and leicester)
inc unemployment>may turn to crime to generate an income>inc in urban deprivation>less attractive for investors
consequences of deindustrialisation-depopulation (redcar)
young people leaving (don’t see opportunities) can’t earn a living
consequences of deindustrialisation-depopulation (newcastle)
ncl population fell by 12% in 1970s>deprivation>low cost housing>low incomes/unemployment benefit moves to cheap areas (pockets of deprivation)
consequences of deindustrialisation-dereliction (redcar and leicester)
inc in brownfield land>unattractive>urban deprivation>no investment no where for youths to go
derelict industrial land
consequences of deindistrialisation-contamination (redcar and leicester)
contaminated from dumping of chemical waste/manufacturing domestic gas from coal and other waste disposal
urban pull factors
FDI by TNCs provide a range of work
urban areas offer hope of promotion etc-job security
schooling and health care is better in urban areas (higher quality, standard, more accessible)
rural push factors
poverty
rural scar toy in rural areas can trigger conflict
shrinking world technologies
communications switch on people in remote areas
knowledge is being shared, successful migrants communicate useful info and advice to new potential migrants
transport improvements (Trans-Amazonian Highway)=removed obstacles to migration
social challenges of urban growth (mumbai)
- Dharavi slums presence and divide between rich and poor- open sewers, water is rationed, life exp decreased by 60 years
- fraud and cybercrime=widespread, 1/3 of population=victims of crime, corruption is rife
- underemployment common and paid less
why has there been environmental problems as a result of the global shift?
SEZs facilitate this in areas eg relaxed environmental laws (lack of regulation and monitoring of these issues which TNCs take advantage of)
cheaper prices and access to raw materials - entices TNCS
chinas air pollution-facts
majority of coal mining industries moved to china-dramatic increase in air pollution
in china every 7-10 days another coal fired power plant is opened (is locally abundant and in high demand by consumers)
=lead to acid rain=dissolves nutrients in soil=harmful to forests
chinas water pollution-facts
Daboashan mines heavy metal toxins have infiltrated the groundwater and Hengshai River=concern for water quality
=china slow reaction lead to more contamination (less control)
environmental challenges of urban growth (Mumbai)
80% waste is recycled BUT informal sector=hazardous, limited to regulations
factories heavy pollute Mithi river
air pollution=increase in old inefficient cars, inc in pollutants and little reg of emissions from factories
many water pipes run close to sewers (800mil litres of untreated sewage enters river everyday
global hub (eg megacities)
a settlement or region that has become a focal point for activities with a global influence, such as trade, business, international governance or education and research
elite international migrants
highly skilled and/or socially influential individuals, wealthy either because of their profession or they have inherited assets. encounter few obstacles when moving between countries, more governments welcome highly skilled and extremely wealthy migrants
low waged international migrants
drawn towards global hubs in large numbers (Govs may have quotas in place to avoid large influx)
push factors from Russia to uk
risk of pensions collapsing and losing all money (lack of faith in banks)
tax rate 13% and low utility costs=have a lot of money to spend
pull factors from Russia to uk
safer (banks)
30% do it to educate children
uk tax loopholes
lax migration laws compared to others
benefits to the host region of Russia to uk
population of middle class whore keen to invest abroad high purchasing power eg real estate, best lawyers, private education (industries benefit)
benefits to the source region of Russia to uk
better links with uk to share culture
London stock market is liberal so Russians can make substantial transactions
costs to the host region of Russia to uk
if leave education, real estate, law courts etc risk of industry plummeting
house prices too high to be affordable
money laundering
money brings political influence
costs to the source region of Russia to uk
missing out on mega tax
less/lack of funding power
push factors from India to uae
distress (discrimination in india)
corruption
air quality
poor health infrastructure
pull factors from India to uae
demand for candidates in health, logistics, IT and new industries (variety of opportunities)
open arm policies (new visa laws=offering LT visas to highly skilled people)
friendly tax laws
cleaner air
less corruption
benefits to the host region of India to uae
fill job gaps
drives demand for luxury properties in Dubai (industry benefits)
sharing culture eg booming Bollywood industry
fills demand eg in health, IT
india-uae trade worth $60bn
benefits to the source region of India to uae
reduced high levels of unemployment
reduces pressure on health services etc
more room for more skilled workers
india-uae trade worth $60bn
costs to the host region of India to uae
taking advantage of those willing to fill job gaps (lower paid, lower skill)>ill treated, exploited>no labour law protection-high suicide rates of migrant workers in low skilled jobs (2 a week)
become reliant on businessmen for real estate industry and foreign ownership companies
$13bn set home in remittances
costs to the source region of India to uae
lack of business and entrepreneurs fuelling econ>poor availability of drugs, oxygen (recent panic situation)
trapped by high sponsorship laws
risk of deportation (many on temp visas)
culture
describes a society’s ‘structure of feeling’
examples of cultural diffusion
LINK glocalisation McAlooTikka
Bollywood
italian food
methods of cultural diffusion
coercion/military power - forces assimilation of culture (languages, religions and customs were spread around the world using force by roman and British empires)
soft power - no force involved, powerfully wealthy states shape global culture through their disproportionately large influence over global media and entertainment
examples of cultural diffusion-language
compulsory in Wales to have a GCSE in welsh, variety of languages being lost
examples of cultural diffusion-food
asian diets traditionally low in meat and high in veg, chinas annual meat production increased x10 since 1990s
examples of cultural diffusion-clothing
most countries have traditional dress eg ao dai (Vietnam)>globalisation means traditional dress worn less
conflict between strict dress codes and liberties in a country eg banning Burkha in France
examples of cultural diffusion-religion/beliefs
religions seeing a decline in the number practicing
secularism on rise which can conflict with traditional religious values eg abortion in Ireland (restricts personal choice)
examples of cultural diffusion-tradition/norms
in uk 31% have women has main wage earner (not male dominated as much anymore)
some legalised same sex marriage, some banned it
changes to built and natural environment in Papua New Guinea (tribes)
viewed as source of econ growth-infrastructure (can lead to social development), deforestation and over exploitation eg sago palms
less thatched homes because cities are getting close (more exposed to opportunities in cities>adapting with economic gain>youth move out) tourism?
changes to built and natural environment in Indonesia (tribes)
more safe structured homes eg clay bricks now corrugated iron roofs=better quality of life
schools (visited by healthcare workers)
devaluing local and larger ecosystems in Papua New Guinea (tribes)
no longer value ecosystems (eg hunt endangered)-so focused on wanting income, education, health improvements (for children)
devaluing local and larger ecosystems in Indonesia (tribes)
shifted from sustainable shifting culvitation to sedentary village life-using natural environment eg overhunting endangered species
overexploiting sago plant for econ gain
general case FOR globalisation
job creation via offshore and outsourcing>cumulative causation
worldwide market-consumers benefit, competition drives prices down
trade blocs (interconnectivity) free trade access and less barriers between nations encourages integration of econ
cultural diffusion and awareness
improvement in connections via budget airlines etc
general case AGAINST globalisation
rich get richer (tnc growth), non rich get poorer+exploited with low wage etc
job loss as transferred to lower cost countries eg china drained away 3.2million jobs including 2.4million manufacturing jobs
cultural erosion
lack of local business growth
health implications of pollution
ecosystems suffer eg overconsumption driving demand, over-exploitation
environment suffers (pollution)
tncs avoid paying full taxes
how can governments limit/control gobalisation?
forms of FDI
how can governments encourage tnc growth?
what are trade blocs?
multilateral regional agreemnets often involving removing/reducing barriers to trade eg the eu
advantages of trade blocs
disadvantages of trade blocs
how did china encourage economic growth?
why does china have varied attitudes towards globalisation?
two measures of globalisation-define
components of KOF and advantages and disadvantages
components of AT Kearney and advantages and disadvantages
define TNC
reasons for global nature of tncs
define glocalisation and give egs
tncs have adapted their products to suit local tastes (max profit)
positive impacts of tncs
- local supply chains created eg mcdonalds uses local farmers
- strong global company success in R&D jobs eg 73% of world use microsoft
- higher profuts, higher tax
- new infastructure benefits locals
- economic growth due to job creation eg nissan in sunderland
- more environmentally aware (fairtrade etc)
negative impacts of tncs
- worker exploitation eg nike workers in sweatshops earn 3% of price of product they made
- cultural diffusion as global products favoured over local ones
- worker health damage eg union carbide gas leak killed 3800 and 20000 ppl over 35 years
- damage to environment eg shell responsible for 2% of global industrial greenhouse gas
economic indicators
GDP
income per capita and GDP
economic sector balance
social indicators
gender inequality index
human development index
environmental indicators
air pollution
environmental performance index
what does the gini coefficient measure?
spread of household incomes across all households in a country
