EQ Neurology Flashcards
What clinical presentation may be seen with a forebrain lesion?
Change in behaviour/ mentation, compulsive behaviours (yawning, walking), blindness, seizures, head position
What is the most common cause of forebrain lesions in the adult?
Trauma!
What sleep disorder may be mistaken for a primary pathology?
Sleep deprivation secondary to eg OA. Can see gradual weakness/ buckling
What are the most common causes of forebrain lesions in the foal?
Trauma, sepsis, perinatal asphyxia syndrome (dummy)
Describe PAS/ dummy foal disorder.
Hypoxia leading to reduced perfusion of non-essential organs and eventually cerebral hypoxia - could be due to placental abnormalities, neonatal sepsis or dymaturity
Temporohyoid osteopathy could lead to damage of which nerves?
Vestibular or facial
What clinical signs would be observed with a vestibular neuropathy?
Head tilt/ turn, nystagmus, ataxia, ventral strabismus, wide-based stance
What clinical signs would be observed with a facial neuropathy?
Ptosis, nostril deviation, dropped ear, exposure keratitis, dysphagia, poor performance
Field anaesthesia with no regard for headcollar placement could lead to damage of which nerve?
Facial
What clinical signs are observed with horners syndrome?
My sunken 3rd toe. Miosis Enophthalmos Prolapsed 3rd eyelid Ptosis \+Sweating and hyperaemic mm
Where would sweating be observed with damage to the thoracic vs cervical ganglion?
Thoracic = widespread, cervical = head
Equine motor neurone disease can be caused by what mineral deficiency?
Selenium/ vit E
Which motor neurones are affected with EMND? What clinical signs are observed?
Type 1 - muscle fasciculations, wt loss, prolonged recumbency, stiff gait, tail up
What iatrogenic injury can lead to horners syndrome?
Extravasation of irritant - PBZ or Buscopan
What clinical signs may be seen with cauda equina disease?
Perineal/ bladder atony, penile prolapse, rectal dilation (faecal retention), pelvic paresis/ weakness
What infectious pathogens can cause cauda equina pathology?
Equine herpes virus-1, sarcocystis (EPM)
What is the pathogenesis of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy?
Vasculitis and thrombosis of spinal cord vessels
What treatment modalities should be utilised for a case of EHV1 myeloencephalopathy?
Isolation! NSAIDS/ steroids, Anti-thrombotics, antivirals (expensive), supportive nursing (beware recumbency)
Ataxia grade 1
Intermittent subtle neurological deficits
Ataxia grade 2
Mild constant deficits
Ataxia grade 3
Moderate constant deficits
Ataxia grade 4
Severe deficits, stumbling, trips and falls
What clinical signs may be observed with spinal cord disease?
Sudden ataxia/ recumbency, limited progression, paraplegia, dog-sitting
Where are the most common sites for traumatic spinal cord disease?
Occipitoalantoaxial region. caudal cervical, mid-back
DMSO can be use intravenously to treat what?
Increased inrecranial pressure, cerebral oedema
Type 1 wobbler
Young, developmental abnormal, dynamic stenosis, seen at any site
Type 2 wobbler
Older, OA of articular processes, static stenosis, C5-7 most commonly affected
What radiographic changes may be seen on a horse with CVMS?
Poor vertebral alignment, spinal canal width decrease, DSP spurs, articular surface ski jumps
What is the intravertebral ratio?
Ratio between the widest point of the vertebrae and the narrowest portion of the vertebral canal (should be 2:1)
What is the intervertebral ratio?
Ventrocaudal-dorsocranial width between two vertebrae
Which breed are predisposed to Occupitoalantoaxial malformation?
Arabs
Shivers
Reflex hypertonia of the pelvic limb muscles
Stringhalt
Sudden, involuntary exaggerated flexion of the hock/ stifle
What clinical signs would be observed with radial nerve damage?
Dropped limb, dragged toe, cannot flex or extend the limb but is able to weight bear when positioned
What clinical signs are observed with suprascapular nerve damage?
Shoulder slips abaxially when wt bearing
Sweeny
Damage to the suprascapular nerve
Which pigment shows accumulation within the retina of horses with EMND?
Lipofuscin
What treatment is used in cases of traumatic nerve injury?
Rest, anti-inflammatories, DMSO, physio and vitamin E
Toxin ingestion botulism
Contaminated feed/ water with poultry litter/ carcasses
Toxico-infectious botulism
Wounds/ suckling foals
What is the pathogenesis of botulism?
Blocked ACh release
What clinical signs may be observed with botulism?
Ataxia, recumbency, dysphagia, dyspnoea, shaker foals, death within 10 days
What antibiotic may be useful in cases of clostridial ingestion?
Penicillins
What clinical signs may be observed with tetanus?
Elevated tail head, prolapsed 3rd eyelid, sweating, stiff gait, lock jaw, ulceration, ears erect, head extended
What antibiotic maybe useful with tetanus infection?
Metronidazole
Why may ACP be useful in cases of tetanus?
Muscle relaxation
