EQ 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Definitions first
A
- Energy security = The ability to access reliable & affordable source of energy from domestic or neighbouring sources.
- Energy mix = The combination and range of sources needed to supply a country with energy.
- Consumption = Using energy.
- Energy players = Stakeholders & organisations involved in decisions to secure energy pathways
- OPEC = Organisation Petroleum Exporting Countries, IGO of 13 oil producing countries working together to supply oil.
2
Q
USA energy mix
A
- USA used 37% petroleum in 2019 imported it from 90 countries.
- USA used 32% natural gas due to adv in tech fracking
- USA used 11% renewable energy in 2019 43% of this was biomass.
- Growing crops for biomass = food shortages = incr food prices
3
Q
Japan’s energy mix
A
- Japan had around 800 terawatthours (TWh) of hydroelectricity fuel making electricity in 2019.
- Japan had around 250 TWh of coal generating electricity in 2019.
- Japan had 650 Twh of nuclear fuel generating electricity in 2019.
- Fukushima disaster 2011 is where the Daiichi nuclear plant was hit after an earthquake 9.0 and tsunami occurred.
- This caused 3 out of 6 reactors to release radioactive materials and power went off.
- Nuclear safety is the factor affecting Japan’s energy mix & security.
4
Q
Germany’s energy mix
A
- Germany use around 42% renewable energy
- “Energiewende” is their title for transitioning to a low carbon supply
- Germany reduced their reliance on nuclear power after Japan Fukushima 2011.
- Environmental priorities = factor affecting Germany’s energy mix & security.
5
Q
Iceland’s energy mix
A
- Iceland has access to geothermal energy due to it being tectonically active.
- Iceland has hydroelectric energy since it has many rivers and waterfalls.
- 85% of Iceland’s energy is renewable.
- Iceland consumes 20% oil but 37% geothermal and 39% hydroelectric.
- Physical availability of renewables & technology are the factors affecting the energy mix & security of Iceland.
6
Q
China’s energy mix
A
- Coal makes up nearly 60% of China’s electricity supply in 2023.
- In 2022 the total renewable sources were 49% of generated electricity.
- China used 16% hydroelectric energy and 15% solar energy & 14% wind energy in 2022.
- China is working to have 80% of its energy mix to be renewable by 2060.
- Economic growth & environmental priorities are the factors affecting the energy mix & security of China.
7
Q
Columbia’s energy mix
A
- In Columbia economic growth is the main goal.
- Little interest in env
Fossil fuels:
- Columbia consumed 31% oil in 2020.
- Columbia used 28% natural gas in 2020
- Columbia consumed 15% coal in 2020
Renewable:
- Columbia used 22% HEP in 2020.
8
Q
Countries holding major reserves of fossil fuels
A
Coal:
- USA holds around 254,197 million tonnes of coal which is 22.3% world share of coal.
- Russia holds 15.5% world share of coal.
- China holds 13.1% world share of coal but is the largest coal producing country heavily supplied by Indonesia
Oil:
- Venezuela has around 300 billion barrels of oil reserves.
- Russia
- Saudi Arabia has around 267 billion barrels of oil reserves.
- Canada has 168 billion barrels of oil reserves.
Natural gas:
- Russia has 47.8trillion cubic meters natural gas seen in 2022.
- Iran has 33 trillion cubic meters natural gas seen in 2023.
- Qatar has 25.2 trillion cubic meters natural gas
9
Q
How are fossil fuels and oil & gas formed?
A
Coal:
- Huge forests grew 300 million years ago.
- The vegetation died and formed peat.
- Peat compressed to for lignite (brown coal).
- Further compression made more coal (brownish)
- Anthracite formed which is hard black coal.
Oil & gas:
- Marine plants and animals die and sink to the bottom of the sea bed.
- The plant and animal layers gets covered with mud.
- Then sediments creates pressure over time compression dead animals & plants.
- This forms oil and moved up porous rocks and forms a reservoir.
10
Q
Fossil fuel demand
A
- Demand for energy increases as world develops.
- Fossil fuels make up 86% of the energy mix.
- Global energy use nearly x2 since 1990.
- It is estimated by 2035, China will be the world’s largest energy importer.
- Imports will occur due to mismatch between domestic supply and demand.
11
Q
Energy pathways
A
- Multilateral = Many countries
- Bilateral = Agreements within 2 countries
- Energy pathways depend on multilateral and bilateral.
Examples:
- Nord Stream connecting Russia to Europe through pipelines on Baltic Sea
- Yamal Europe pipeline from Russia through Belarus and Poland into Germany
- Kazakhstan to China through a 2800km pipeline transporting crude oil to Xinjiang.
12
Q
Unconventional Fossil Fuels
A
- Geopolitical issues are making some countries exploit their unconventional sources of energy
Examples:
- Deep water oil = Gulf of Mexico & Brazil’s off shore reserves, risky & expensive.
- Tar Sands = Mixtures of sand, clay, water and bitumen. Canada holds 73% stocks
- Shale Gas = Methane or natural gas which is held in underground sandstone & shale
- Oil Shale = Kerogen deposits in sedimentary rocks that haven’t become oil.
- USA has 77% global reserves
13
Q
UK energy mix
A
- UK used 38.5% natural gas in 2022
- UK used 26.8% wind power in 2022
- UK used 15.5% nuclear energy in 2022
- 60% of the UK’s energy is imported = insecure energy
- Between 2014-2015 solar power use increased by 86%
- UK using more EV chargers, cars, LED light bulbs, energy friendly buildings
14
Q
OPEC - Organisation Petroleum Exporting Countries
A
- Organisation of 13 oil producing countries.
- OPEC wants to keep prices stable
- $70-$80 per barrel
- Without this agreement, countries would push prices higher and exploit consumers
- If prices > $80, other countries drill oil fields & unconventional sources = more supply
- OPEC wants to reduce oil price volatility
- This ensures max efficiency
- Oil extraction 24/7
Example of OPEC moves:
- In 2008, oil prices hit $143 per barrel
- OPEC produced more oil = decr prices
- GFC made oil price go to $33.73 in Dec
- OPEC reduced supply = stabilisation
15
Q
Radical Technologies
A
- Radical technologies are new inventions used to reduce carbon emissions
Carbon Capture Storage (CCS):
- CCS can capture 90% of CO2 emissions from fossil fuels & prevents carbon from going into the atmosphere.
- Works by separating CO2 from gas using solvent and compressed into liquid form.
- This is transported along a pipeline.
- CO2 is then injected deep underground in porous rocks & impermeable rock is placed above this.
- Sensors used to detect changes in pressure and CO2 levels
Hydrogen Fuel Cells:
- Water is the only product formed when hydrogen burns
- Hydrogen + Oxygen —> Water
- No CO2 emissions
- Car manufacturers burn hydrogen which releases energy used to generate electricity that drives an electric motor.
Electric Vehicles (EV’s):
- Nissan Leaf, Ford Focus, Tesla Model S
- Gov subsidies for electric car use
- EV’s power from rechargeable batteries
- Adv = savings on fuel, no emissions, safe to drive, less noise pollution
- Disadv = recharge points, short range, replacing battery, power shortage
