EQ 1 Flashcards
What is Urbanisation?
Urbanisation is the growth in the proportion of the country’s population living in urban areas
What is a mega city?
A mega city is an urban area with about 10 million people living there.
How many megacities were there in 1950? How many were there in 2014? What is it predicted to rise to by 2030?
1950: 2
2014: 28
2030: 41
What is urban primacy?
Urban primacy is when one city dominates the country it is in. These primate cities have a much larger population than other cities in the country-usually more than twice as many people as the next biggest city
How do you primate cities influence the country economically?
Investment-businesses often locate here attracting investment in infrastructure and services
Migration-there are lots of jobs so people move there to find work. Highly skilled workers are attracted by better opportunities e.g. higher paid more prestigious jobs
Transport-international ports and airports often located here encouraging further investment and migration
How do Primate Cities have Political influence?
Governments and the headquarters of large powerful businesses often located here. This can mean that decisions about development favour the city rather than the rest of the country
What is national migration? What is international migration?
National migration is when people move to a city in the same country
International migration is when people move from one country to a city in another country
Define what push and pull factors are?
Push factors are things that encourage people to leave an area
Pull factors are things that encourage people to move to the city
What are some examples of some push factors?
- Shortage of jobs on low wages
- poor standard of living
- Poor healthcare education
- war or conflict
- natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods
- airport environment due to pollution or crime
What are some examples of some pull factors
- More employment opportunities and higher wages
- better standard of living
- better health care and education
- a safe place with little crime or risk of natural disasters
- a cleaner environment
What is migration like in developing countries and why?
Cities in developing countries are growing. This is because:
- Rurel areas are very poor. Improvements in agriculture mean fewer farm workers are needed. This leads to national migration to cities as people seek better jobs
- some cities have good transport links So trade is focused here providing lots of jobs
- some cities are attracting foreign companies and manufacturing industry is expanding
What is migration like in emerging countries and why?
Some Cities in emerging countries are growing and some have stabilising populations
- some cities have become industrial centres. This means there are lots of manufacturing jobs. Other cities have rapidly expanding service sector meaning people move to the cities to work in the new industries and services supporting them
- as countries get wealthier they are investing in flagship projects E.g. sports stadiums for international events to attract foreign investment which creates more jobs attracting workers
What is migration like in Developed countries and why?
Some Cities in developed countries have stable populations and others are declining
De-industrialisation has led to the decline of industrial areas. People have moved away to find work elsewhere
A lot of low skilled workers are attracted to more successful cities in the region
What are the two types of employment?
Formal and informal
What is Formal employment?
Formal employment is officially recognised. Workers are protected by the laws of the country. There are rules about how many hours people can work, the age of workers and health and safety. Workers pay tax and the government out of the wages they earn.
What is informal Employment?
Informal employment is unofficial. Jobs are not taxed or regulated by the government.
What are the four economic sectors and what do they involve?
The primary sector involves collecting war materials
The secondary sector involves turning the product into another product e.g. making textiles, furniture, chemical, steel and cars
The tertiary sector involves providing a service. Anything from financial services to the police force and transport
The quaternary sector is their information economy e.g. research and development were scientists and researchers investigate and develop new products
For developing countries:
- Formal or Informal sectors?
- Economic Sectors?
- Working conditions?
- many workers are employed in informal sector
- lots of people work in low skilled tertiary sectors jobs. Few people work in secondary sector because there’s not enough money to invest in the technology needed for this type of industry. A small percentage of people work high skilled tertiary jobs
-conditions are poor. Pay is low, hours are long and conditions can be dangerous
For Emerging countries:
- Formal or Informal sectors?
- Economic Sectors?
- Working conditions?
-Number of workers in the informal sector decreases as the country develops
-employment in the secondary sector is high. There are established industrial zones and good infrastructure
There are also lots of low skilled tertiary jobs
As the industrial economy grows people have more money to spend on services so jobs are created in higher skilled jobs in the tertiary sector
- conditions improve and workers rights increase
For developed countries:
- Formal or Informal sectors?
- Economic Sectors?
- Working conditions?
- Few workers in the informal sector
- Fewer people work in the secondary sector than an emerging countries
Most people work in the tertiary sector because there is a skilled and educated workforce and there is a high demand for services like banks and shops
The Sun unemployment in the quaternary sector because the country is lots of high skilled labour and has money to invest in technology needed
-conditions are good. Pay is high, workers had many rights protected by law
What are the different stages cities go through as they develop?
Urbanisation Suburbanisation Deindustrialisation Counter urbanisation regeneration
What is the Urbanisation Phase?
Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of the population living in Delta urban areas. Urban areas spread into the surrounding countryside as the population increases
What is the sub-urbanisation Phase?
Suburbanisation is the movement of people from the middle of the city to the edges.
- Urbanisation caused urban areas become overcrowded and polluted with little natural space. Suburban areas offered more open green spaces and seemed more family friendly
- improvements in transport networks meant that people could live in the suburbs and commute to the city to work
What is the De-industrialisation Phase?
As a country develops their experience deindustrialisation (manufacturing moving out of an area).
Urban areas are factored by industry movie:
-out of city centres into rural areas where rents are cheaper
