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GEOGRAPHY - Topic 3 (Challenges of an Urbanising World) > EQ 1 > Flashcards

EQ 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Urbanisation?

A

Urbanisation is the growth in the proportion of the country’s population living in urban areas

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2
Q

What is a mega city?

A

A mega city is an urban area with about 10 million people living there.

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3
Q

How many megacities were there in 1950? How many were there in 2014? What is it predicted to rise to by 2030?

A

1950: 2
2014: 28
2030: 41

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4
Q

What is urban primacy?

A

Urban primacy is when one city dominates the country it is in. These primate cities have a much larger population than other cities in the country-usually more than twice as many people as the next biggest city

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5
Q

How do you primate cities influence the country economically?

A

Investment-businesses often locate here attracting investment in infrastructure and services

Migration-there are lots of jobs so people move there to find work. Highly skilled workers are attracted by better opportunities e.g. higher paid more prestigious jobs

Transport-international ports and airports often located here encouraging further investment and migration

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6
Q

How do Primate Cities have Political influence?

A

Governments and the headquarters of large powerful businesses often located here. This can mean that decisions about development favour the city rather than the rest of the country

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7
Q

What is national migration? What is international migration?

A

National migration is when people move to a city in the same country
International migration is when people move from one country to a city in another country

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8
Q

Define what push and pull factors are?

A

Push factors are things that encourage people to leave an area
Pull factors are things that encourage people to move to the city

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9
Q

What are some examples of some push factors?

A
  • Shortage of jobs on low wages
  • poor standard of living
  • Poor healthcare education
  • war or conflict
  • natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods
  • airport environment due to pollution or crime
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10
Q

What are some examples of some pull factors

A
  • More employment opportunities and higher wages
  • better standard of living
  • better health care and education
  • a safe place with little crime or risk of natural disasters
  • a cleaner environment
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11
Q

What is migration like in developing countries and why?

A

Cities in developing countries are growing. This is because:

  • Rurel areas are very poor. Improvements in agriculture mean fewer farm workers are needed. This leads to national migration to cities as people seek better jobs
  • some cities have good transport links So trade is focused here providing lots of jobs
  • some cities are attracting foreign companies and manufacturing industry is expanding
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12
Q

What is migration like in emerging countries and why?

A

Some Cities in emerging countries are growing and some have stabilising populations

  • some cities have become industrial centres. This means there are lots of manufacturing jobs. Other cities have rapidly expanding service sector meaning people move to the cities to work in the new industries and services supporting them
  • as countries get wealthier they are investing in flagship projects E.g. sports stadiums for international events to attract foreign investment which creates more jobs attracting workers
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13
Q

What is migration like in Developed countries and why?

A

Some Cities in developed countries have stable populations and others are declining

De-industrialisation has led to the decline of industrial areas. People have moved away to find work elsewhere

A lot of low skilled workers are attracted to more successful cities in the region

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14
Q

What are the two types of employment?

A

Formal and informal

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15
Q

What is Formal employment?

A

Formal employment is officially recognised. Workers are protected by the laws of the country. There are rules about how many hours people can work, the age of workers and health and safety. Workers pay tax and the government out of the wages they earn.

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16
Q

What is informal Employment?

A

Informal employment is unofficial. Jobs are not taxed or regulated by the government.

17
Q

What are the four economic sectors and what do they involve?

A

The primary sector involves collecting war materials

The secondary sector involves turning the product into another product e.g. making textiles, furniture, chemical, steel and cars

The tertiary sector involves providing a service. Anything from financial services to the police force and transport

The quaternary sector is their information economy e.g. research and development were scientists and researchers investigate and develop new products

18
Q

For developing countries:

  • Formal or Informal sectors?
  • Economic Sectors?
  • Working conditions?
A
  • many workers are employed in informal sector
  • lots of people work in low skilled tertiary sectors jobs. Few people work in secondary sector because there’s not enough money to invest in the technology needed for this type of industry. A small percentage of people work high skilled tertiary jobs

-conditions are poor. Pay is low, hours are long and conditions can be dangerous

19
Q

For Emerging countries:

  • Formal or Informal sectors?
  • Economic Sectors?
  • Working conditions?
A

-Number of workers in the informal sector decreases as the country develops

-employment in the secondary sector is high. There are established industrial zones and good infrastructure
There are also lots of low skilled tertiary jobs
As the industrial economy grows people have more money to spend on services so jobs are created in higher skilled jobs in the tertiary sector

  • conditions improve and workers rights increase
20
Q

For developed countries:

  • Formal or Informal sectors?
  • Economic Sectors?
  • Working conditions?
A
  • Few workers in the informal sector
  • Fewer people work in the secondary sector than an emerging countries
    Most people work in the tertiary sector because there is a skilled and educated workforce and there is a high demand for services like banks and shops
    The Sun unemployment in the quaternary sector because the country is lots of high skilled labour and has money to invest in technology needed

-conditions are good. Pay is high, workers had many rights protected by law

21
Q

What are the different stages cities go through as they develop?

A 
Urbanisation
Suburbanisation
Deindustrialisation
Counter urbanisation
regeneration
22
Q

What is the Urbanisation Phase?

A

Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of the population living in Delta urban areas. Urban areas spread into the surrounding countryside as the population increases

23
Q

What is the sub-urbanisation Phase?

A

Suburbanisation is the movement of people from the middle of the city to the edges.

  • Urbanisation caused urban areas become overcrowded and polluted with little natural space. Suburban areas offered more open green spaces and seemed more family friendly
  • improvements in transport networks meant that people could live in the suburbs and commute to the city to work
24
Q

What is the De-industrialisation Phase?

A

As a country develops their experience deindustrialisation (manufacturing moving out of an area).
Urban areas are factored by industry movie:
-out of city centres into rural areas where rents are cheaper

25
Q

What is the Counter-Industrialisation Phase?

A

Counter urbanisation is the movement of people away from large open area to smaller settlements in your area. Many developed countries this process began in the 1970s and 80s.

  • People think then have a higher quality of life in room areas and house prices and often lower.
  • Increased car ownership and improved public transport mean that people can live further from the city and commute to work.
  • Improved communication services make it easier for people to live in Rurel areas and work from home. This also means that some companies no longer need to be in the city centre and can move to the rural areas where land is cheaper
26
Q

What is the Regeneration Phase?

A

Since the 1990s some city centres in developed countries have undergone regeneration to reverse the decline of urban areas because of organisation, deindustrialisation and counter-urbanisation.

27
Q

What are the three different purposes land in cities can be used for?

A

Commercial e.g. office buildings, shopping centres and hotels
Industrial e.g. factories and warehouses
Residential e.g. houses, flats and apartments

28
Q

What are the different districts within the city starting from the middle going outwards?

A

central business district or CBD-has commercial and public buildings.

The inner city-mainly residential and older industry

The suburbs-mainly residential

The rule urban fringe-has a mix of commercial businesses, parks and residential higher class housing

29
Q

What does the CBD look like on a map?

A

High-density buildings and the meeting of major roads

30
Q

What does the Inner city look like on a map?

A

Short parallel roads of terraced housing and larger factory buildings

31
Q

What does the Suburbs look like on a map?

A

Lots of short curved streets and cul-de-sacs

32
Q

What does the rural urban fringe look like on a map?

A

More green spaces between built-up areas and close the larger office buildings of shopping centres with carparks

33
Q

What is land use influenced by?

A

Accessibility:

  • City centres are usually very accessible. The other location of the main train and bus stations and the centre of the road network
  • shops and offices located in city centres because they need to be accessible to lots of people
  • some businesses now locate on the edges of cities-these are near major motorway junctions and out-of-town airports so they avoid traffic congestion in the city centre

Planning regulations:

  • City planners trying to control how cities develop by deciding what types of buildings can be built in different parts of the city
  • there are often strict planning regulations in city centres. Polluting industry may be banned

Cost:

  • The city centre has the highest land rises. The cost of land falls towards the edge of the city
  • houses tend to increase in size from any city to the suburbs as the price of land decreases
  • some businesses and shops can afford to locate offices and shops in the city centre but there are few houses

Availability:
-There is lots of space on the edges of cities were larger buildings can be built if allowed

GEOGRAPHY - Topic 3 (Challenges of an Urbanising World) (2 decks)

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