EPY 2533: Human Growth & Development Flashcards
What is the Nature vs. Nurture debate about?
The extent to which development is influenced by nature (biological inheritance) or nurture (environmental experiences)
Define ‘Nature’ in the context of development.
Organism’s biological inheritance
List key terms associated with ‘Nature’.
- Genetic Inheritance
- Genes
- Inherited Physical traits
- Biology
- Heredity
- Chromosomes
- DNA
Define ‘Nurture’ in the context of development.
Environmental experiences
List key terms associated with ‘Nurture’.
- Learning
- Parenting
- Environment
- Upbringing
- Experience
- Media
- Social Influence
- Nutrition
- Family
- Peers
What is the main question posed regarding Ted Kaczynski’s development?
Was he born a serial killer or did he learn and become one?
What is the main question posed regarding Alice Walker’s development?
Was she born with the skills to write Pulitzer Prize winning poems and books or did she learn those skills?
What does the Stability & Change debate focus on?
The degree to which early traits & characteristics persist through life or change
What does Stability result from?
Heredity & early experiences
What is the optimistic view of Change in development?
Later experiences can produce change
Define Continuity in developmental issues.
Gradual, cumulative change
Define Discontinuity in developmental issues.
Distinct stages
What is the focus of Psychoanalytic theories of human development?
Unconscious forces and inner workings of the mind
Who proposed the Psychosexual Stages of Development?
Sigmund Freud
What was Freud’s primary motivation for patients?
Sexual in nature
Who believed that development occurs throughout the life span?
Erik Erikson
What is the focus of Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development?
Resolving crises
What does the Ethological theory state about behavior?
Behavior is influenced by biology and characterized by critical and sensitive periods
Who discovered the term imprinting?
Karl Lorenz
What is imprinting?
Rapid innate learning that involves attachment to the first moving object seen
What did John Bowlby study?
Attachment of children with caregivers during their first year
List the periods of development.
- Prenatal
- Infancy
- Early Childhood
- Middle & Late Childhood
- Adolescence
- Early Adulthood
- Middle Adulthood
- Late Adulthood
What are the three domains of human development?
- Biological or Physical
- Cognitive
- Socioemotional or Psychosocial
What does the Life-span Perspective state about development?
Development is lifelong and involves growth, maintenance, and loss
Name one characteristic of human development.
Development is multidimensional
What is the traditional approach to development?
Believes there are few changes after adolescence
What is an example of anecdotal evidence in beliefs about life-span development?
Beliefs passed down from one generation to the next without scientific backing
What is Human Development?
The pattern of movement or change that starts at conception & continues through the human life span
What is the first stage in Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development?
Trust v. Mistrust
What is the focus of the ‘Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt’ stage?
Will a child assert their own will & independence or develop doubt?
What happens during the ‘Initiative v. Guilt’ stage?
A child acts in a purposeful & responsible manner or acts irresponsibly
What is the ‘Industry v. Inferiority’ stage about?
Mastering new skills in school or feeling incompetent
What is the primary question of the ‘Identity v. Identity Confusion’ stage?
Who am I?
What is the focus of the ‘Intimacy v. Isolation’ stage?
Forming healthy friendships & intimate relationships or not
What does ‘Generativity v. Stagnation’ stage evaluate?
Will an adult help the next generation or feel he or she has nothing to offer?
What is the final stage in Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development?
Integrity v. Despair
What are the stages in Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development?
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
What does Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory emphasize?
Children actively construct their own understanding of the world
What are the four stages of Piaget’s Cognitive Development?
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete Operational
- Formal Operational
What does the Correlational Coefficient indicate?
The strength of the relationship between two variables
What does a Correlational Coefficient of +1 indicate?
A strong positive relationship
What does a Correlational Coefficient of -1 indicate?
A strong negative relationship
What is the role of the Independent Variable in research?
The variable being changed
What is the role of the Dependent Variable in research?
The variable being measured
What is the purpose of a Control Group in experimental research?
Acts as a baseline for comparison
What does Random Assignment ensure in research?
Participants are assigned to experimental & control groups by chance
What is Descriptive Research?
Observing & recording data
What is the Mean in statistical measures?
The average score
What is the Median in statistical measures?
The middle score
What is the Mode in statistical measures?
The most occurring score
What does Behaviorism focus on?
Only what is measured & observed can be scientifically studied
Who developed Operant Conditioning?
BF Skinner
What does Social Cognitive Theory emphasize?
Behavior, environment, & cognition are key factors in development
What is Bandura’s Social Cognitive Model?
The relationship between behavior, environment, & cognitive processes impacts development
What is a Cross-sectional Approach in research?
Conducting research on different age groups at the same time
What is a Longitudinal Approach in research?
Conducting research on the same group of people over a period of time
What are the APA Guidelines for Ethical Research?
- Informed consent
- Confidentiality
- Deception
- Debriefing
What must participants be informed about in Informed Consent?
About the experiment and give their permission
What does Confidentiality ensure in research?
Personal information about participants is kept private
What is the purpose of Debriefing in research?
Participants must be informed about the research after the experiment
What must be kept private during an experiment?
Personal information about the participants
This refers to confidentiality in research ethics.
What is deception in research ethics?
Not telling the participant the whole truth about the research prior to the experiment
This is used only if revealing the truth could alter participants’ behavior.
What must researchers ensure when using deception?
Not to harm the participant
This is a critical aspect of ethical research practices.
What is debriefing in the context of research?
Participants must be told about the research after the experiment
This is especially important if deception was used.
What is the primary focus of research ethics?
Ensuring the safety and well-being of participants
This includes confidentiality, deception, and debriefing.
Fill in the blank: Personal information about the participants collected during the experiment must be kept _______.
private
Fill in the blank: Participants must be told about the research after the experiment, especially if _______ was used.
deception
True or False: It is acceptable to harm participants if deception is used in research.
False
Researchers must ensure no harm comes to participants.
Who published ‘Essentials of Life-Span Development’ in 2024?
Santrock, J.W.
This textbook is a source for research ethics information.
