Eppp Test Flashcards
What is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
A pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity lasting at least six months, with onset before 12 years of age, present in at least two settings, and interfering with functioning.
Diagnosis requires at least six symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity.
List symptoms of inattention in ADHD.
- Doesn’t listen when spoken to
- Fails to pay close attention to details
- Doesn’t follow through on instructions
- Easily distracted by extraneous stimuli
- Often forgetful in daily activities
These symptoms can significantly impact daily functioning.
List symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity in ADHD.
- Unable to engage in play quietly
- Often runs or climbs in inappropriate situations
- Talks excessively
- Has trouble waiting turn
- Interrupts or intrudes on others
These symptoms can affect social interactions and academic performance.
What are the subtypes of ADHD based on the specifier used?
- Predominantly inattentive presentation
- Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation
- Combined presentation
These subtypes help tailor treatment approaches.
What is the prevalence of ADHD among youth in the United States?
ADHD is the most prevalent diagnosed disorder among youth ages 3 to 17 years.
This statistic highlights the importance of awareness and treatment.
How does the gender distribution of ADHD change from childhood to adulthood?
ADHD is two times more common in males than females during childhood, but the ratio decreases to about 1.6:1 in adulthood.
This shift may reflect differences in symptom expression or diagnosis.
What changes in ADHD symptoms are observed in adulthood?
- Decrease in excessive motor activity
- Impulsivity changes to reckless driving or abrupt job changes
- Inattention persists, especially for boring tasks
Adults may experience different manifestations of ADHD symptoms compared to children.
What is the most common comorbid disorder with ADHD?
Oppositional defiant disorder.
Other common comorbid disorders include conduct disorder, anxiety disorders, and depressive disorders.
What brain abnormalities are associated with ADHD?
- Impaired response inhibition and executive functioning linked to prefrontal cortex, striatum, and thalamus
- Impaired temporal information processing linked to prefrontal cortex and cerebellum
- Emotion dysregulation linked to prefrontal cortex and amygdala
Neuroimaging studies have provided insights into the neurological underpinnings of ADHD.
What neurotransmitters are associated with ADHD symptoms?
Low levels of dopamine and norepinephrine.
These neurotransmitters are crucial for impulse control and attention.
What is the heritability estimate of ADHD?
76%.
ADHD is considered one of the most heritable psychiatric disorders, as shown by family, twin, and adoption studies.
What are the recommended treatments for preschool children with ADHD?
- Parent- and teacher-administered behavioral interventions
- Evidence-based parent training in behavioral management (PTBM)
- Medication only if behavioral interventions are insufficient
Examples include positive parenting programs and parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT).
What is the first-line treatment for adults with ADHD?
Medication.
Cognitive behavior therapy is also beneficial for adults.
True or False: Treatment with psychostimulants in childhood increases the risk for later substance use disorders.
False.
Research indicates children with ADHD have comparable rates of substance-related problems whether treated with psychostimulants or not.
