EPPP Flashcards
1
Q
mesosystem
A
the interaction or links between various microsystems
2
Q
attachment before 1yo: critical or sensitive period?
A
sensitive
3
Q
Piaget’s four stages (+ ages)
A
sensorimotor (birth-2yo)
preoperational (2-7yo)
concrete operational (7-11yo)
formal operational (11yo+)
4
Q
At what age does object permanence develop?
A
3-4mo (some say as late as 8mo)
5
Q
decalage
A
unevenness in a child’s cognitive development
6
Q
At what age and stage does conservation develop?
A
7-11yo / concrete operational
7
Q
Kohlberg’s three stages (+ ages)
A
preconventional morality (4-10yo)
conventional morality (10yo+)
postconventional morality (13yo+ to never)
8
Q
preconventional morality (+ age)
A
rules and punishment 4-10yo
9
Q
conventional morality (+ age)
A
conforming to rules to get approval from others 10yo+
10
Q
postconventional morality (+ age)
A
moral decisions based on what is right, fair, or just 13yo+ to never
11
Q
What was Carol Gilligan known for?
A
alternatives to Kohlberg’s theory of morality that were more female value focused (e.g., caring and compassion instead of justice and fairness)
12
Q
Freud & Erikson’s stages
A
13
Q
behavioral contrast
A
when someone has been reinforced for two different behaviors, and reinforcement is withdrawn for one behavior, the frequency of the other behavior will increase
14
Q
Premack principle
A
high-frequency behaviors used to reinforce low-frequency behaviors
15
Q
primary vs. secondary vs. tertiary prevention
A
primary: prevents the problem or disorder from occurring all together
secondary: early identification and prompt treatment of a disorder or problem that already exists
tertiary: minimizing long-term consequences of a chronic condition
16
Q
empirical criterion keying
A
a method for choosing items on a test based on the ability to distinguish between groups (e.g., depressed vs. nondepressed)
(used by the MMPI)
17
Q
percentiles for +1, +2, and +3 SDs (z-scores)
A
+1 SD: 84th percentile
+2 SD: 97.5 percentile
+3 SD: 99.99 percentile
18
Q
adverse impact (I/O)
A
the 80% (or 4/5ths) rule: the percentage of minorities selected must be at least 4/5 of the percentage of non-minorities selected
19
Q
Griggs vs. Duke Power Company
A
(1971) ruled unfair to use tests that measured broad abilities (in which whites scored higher than minorities) for decisions of hiring and promotions
20
Q
Hawthorne effect
A
productivity increases when workers are observed
21
Q
Theory X vs. Y vs. Z
A
Theory X: assumes workers are lazy and must be coerced and directed
Theory Y: assumes that people find satisfaction with their work and that control and punishment are not necessary to bring about good performance
Theory Z: three critical Japanese management strategies
22
Q
LPC theory: when are low LPC and high LPC most effective as leaders?
A
low LPC: most effective as leaders in situations that are either highly favorable or unfavorable
high LPC: most effective as leaders in moderately favorable situations
23
Q
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
A
different factors account for job satisfaction vs. job dissatisfaction
lower level needs: job context (only dissatisfaction)
upper level needs: job content (only satisfaction)
24
Q
job enrichment vs. job enlargement
(and, how do each affect satisfaction and performance?)
A
job enrichment: gives employees a greater role in planning and performing their work; increases satisfaction and performance
job enlargement: expands the variety of tasks performed without increasing responsibility or autonomy; increases satisfaction but only slightly affects job performance
25
human factors approach
concerned with physical aspects of a job
26
ideal size of a group for group effectiveness
5-7 people
27
What do compressed work weeks improve?
a) turnover
b) satisfaction
c) productivity
turnover and satisfaction
28
alloplastic vs. autoplastic
alloplastic: blaming the external environment
autoplastic: blaming oneself
29
partial vs. semipartial (part) correlations
partial: effect of a third variable is removed from both variables
semipartial: effect of a third variable is removed from only one of the original variables
30
MMPI-2 scales: L, F, K
L: lie scale (high score = trying to present oneself favorably)
F: fake bad (psychosis, high distress, or cry for help)
K: guardedness (high scores = more guarded / positive)
\*K correction corrects for guardness\*
31
DNA and RNA have been associated with...
memory
32
James-Lange theory of emotion
bodily reaction, which is then interpreted as emotion
33
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
body's response is not important in emotion (since the thalamus sends simulatneous signals to body and cortex)
34
Schacter's two-factor theory of emotion
emotion is attributed to two factors: physical arousal and a cognitive labeling of the physical arousal
\*proposes people look to external rather than internal cues for labeling emotions\*
35
Rosenthal effect
self-fulfilling prophecy: expectations influence performance (e.g., being told you're gifted before taking a test and doing better)
36
Zeigarnik effect
remembering unfinished business more than completed
37
ERG theory
three needs of existence, relatedness, & growth
(related to Maslow)
38
VIE theory
people will behave in ways based on their perceived expectancy of success and rewards (Vroom)
39
fluoxetine
Prozac
40
sertraline
Zoloft
41
citalopram
Celexa
42
escitalopram
Lexapro
43
duloxetine
Cymbalta
44
paroxetine
Paxil
45
neuroleptic
antipsychotic
46
What does the Solomon Four-Group design ward against?
effects of testing
47
Klinefelter's Syndrome
man with an extra X chromosome
48
Thorndike's Law of Effect
re: random behavior: if behavior is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it's strengthened (also originally included that if it's followed by a negative consequence, it's less likely to occur in the future)
49
Tolman
proposed that all behavior is purposive and can occur without reinforcement; also, latent learning
50
emic
role of environment: using the context of cultural background to understand a person
51
etic
within-person: assumes there are universal principles underlying
52
nomothetic
observations of groups
53
idiographic
closely observing one or a few individuals
54
"brady" (prefix)
slow
55
Wolpe
systematic desensitization
56
Kappa coefficient
interrater reliability
57
left hemisphere
verbal + motor control
58
In which area of the brain is Broca's area?
left frontal lobe
59
parietal lobes - function?
sensory / somatosensory
60
temporal lobes - function?
auditory
61
occipital lobes - function?
visual cortex
62
thalamus - function?
sensory relay center for all senses except smell (it's critical in the perception of pain)
63
hypothalamus - function?
connected to the endocrine system; maintains homeostasis, including sleep-wake cycle (regulated by the suprachiasmic nucleus, or SCN)
64
basal ganglia - function?
regulation and coordination of movement (via inhibitory functions)
65
Which areas of the basal gangila are implicated in Huntington's and Parkinson's, respectively?
Huntington's: caudate nucleus & putamen
Parkinson's: substantia nigra
66
ataxia
lack of coordination of voluntary movements (the hallmark of cerebellar disease)
67
pons & medulla - function?
sleep, respiration, movement, cardiovascular activity
68
reticular activating system (RAS) - function?
sleep-wake cycle
69
acetylcholine (Ach)
voluntary movement
memory & cognition
70
dopamine (DA)
thought, movement, & emotion
reward system of the brain
71
L-Dopa (Levadopa)
a precursor to dopamine used to treat the movement components of Parkinson's
72
norepinephrine (NE)
mood (depression & mania)
pain perception & sleep
73
serotonin
mood disorders (deficiencies implicated in depression)
dysregulation of serotonin associated with suicidality and impulsivity
74
methylphenidate
Ritalin
75
5 stages of grief (Kubler Ross)
DABDA
denial
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance
76
Beck's cognitive triad
negative thoughts about self, world, and future
77
MANOVA - multiple independent or dependent variables?
multiple dependent variables
78
ataxia vs. apraxia
ataxia - medical condition (lack of coordination)
apraxia - agnosia (cannot do a familiar purposeful movement)
79
introjects
internalized images of significant others from the past
80
Self-Verification Theory
people need and seek confirmation of their self-concept
(people prefer to be right rather than happy)
81
Thurstone
primary mental abilities
(that individuals possess varying degrees of subcomponents of intelligence)
82
functional amnesia
losing autobiographical memory
(due to psychological, not medical, reasons)
83
Sue & Sue's Minority Identity Development Model
1. conformity
2. dissonance
3. resistance & immersion
4. integrative awareness
84
declarative memory
explicit, long-term memories that one can consciously recall
85
utilization review
to save money in healthcare
86
What is the risk of the same diagnosis of schizophrenia for identical vs. fraternal twins?
identical: 46%
fraternal: 17%
87
Validity is never higher than...
the square root of the reliability coefficient
88
Does high validity assume high reliability or does high reliability assume high validity?
High validity assumes high reliability
89
When is a factorial ANOVA used?
When there is more than one independent variable
90
Donald Super
career development can be described in terms of progress through a developmental sequence of vocational stages
8 life roles
91
response cost
negative punishment: when someone loses something (e.g., a token, privileges) for misbehavior
92
What is the concordance rate of Bipolar I Disorder for identical vs. fraternal twins?
identical: 75-80%
fraternal: 10-25%
93
Ellis
Rational-Emotive Therapy and "irrational beliefs"
94
DRO
Differential Reinforcement for Other behaviors
(a combination of extinction and reinforcement)
95
reciprocity hypothesis
people tend to like others who like them
96
AAI categories
Adult Attachment Interview
- autonomous
- dismissing (contradictions and lapses in memory); have avoidant
- preoccupied (confused, incoherent); have anxious
\*\*\* can ALSO be labeled as unresolved/disorganized \*\*\*
97
What is the average effect size in psychotherapy research?
0.85
98
What did Ellen Berschied's research on relationships focus on?
how features of a relationship's exterior influences relationship satisfaction
99
seizures - types and features
**Partial seizures**: simple partial and complex partial seizures
**Generalized seizures**: grand mal (tonic clonic) and petit mal (absence) seizures
**Simple partial seizures**: electrical abnormalities in a focal area of the brain only; patient usually remains conscious
**Complex partial seizures**: begin with aura, then staggering, purposeless movements, and aimless wandering; consciousness is frequently impaired.
**Grand mal seizures** (tonic-clonic seizures): dramatic seizures that involve convulsions
**Petit mal** (absence seizures): begin with a brief change in level of consciousness, followed by blinking or rolling of the eyes, a blank stare, and slight mouth movements
100
What are the outcomes of successful navigation of each of Erikson's stages?
101
prospective memory
remembering that one had planned to do something at a particular time
102
anosagnosia
the lack of awareness of a disability or the lack of awareness of the nature of one's illness
103
How many years must documentation related to HIPAA be maintained?
6 years
104
discriminant analysis
predicts group membership
105
The most likely outcome of fetal malnutrition is...
reduced number of neurons
106
What does Tiedeman and O'Hara's theory of career development focus on?
differentiation and integration
107
What does Holland's vocational theory focus on?
knowledge of oneself + knowledge of the working world
108
limbic system
emotions & memory
109
What is the dopamine hypothesis?
schizophrenia results from an excess of dopamine
110
akathisia
dysphoria, restlessness and agitation
(most common side effect of traditional antipsychotics)
111
the Buckley Amendment
(1974) protected the privacy of student records
112
centrism (per Piaget)
the preoperational child's inability to focus on more than one aspect of a problem at a time
113
Troiden's model of gay and lesbian development
1. sensitization: feels different from peers and internalizes a negative self-concept
2. identity confusion: internal conflict
3. identity assumption: managing social stigma
4. commitment
114
primary memory
a subtype of short-term memory, the memory that simply holds 7 +/- 2 bits of information for up to 30 seconds
115
multiple baseline design
treatment is applied sequentially or consecutively across subjects, situations, or behaviors
116
the Latin Square
the most sophisticated counterbalanced testing design
117
schizoid vs. schizotypal personality disorder
**schizoid**: detachment from social relationships, and a restricted range of emotions; indifferent to interpersonal relationships
**schizotypal**: discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships, as well as oddities in cognition, ideation, appearance, and behavior
118
avoidant personality disorder
a pattern of social discomfort and inhibition, fear and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, and feelings of inadequacy
119
peripheral vs. central route
(elaboration likelihood model of persuasion)
**peripheral**: a focus on the speaker's appearance, attractiveness, eloquence, and expertise
**central**: paying attention to the core message
120
Rosenstock's Health Belief Model
how perceptions of vulnerability and beliefs about illness influence health behaviors
121
the Stanford-Binet
a verbal test of intelligence that is especially useful for assessing giftedness and mental retardation in children
122
confidence intervals / normal distribution area under the curve for +/- 1, 2, and 3 SDs
+/- 1 SD: 68
+/- 2 SD: 95
+/- 3 SD: 99
123
referent power
based on identification with and liking of someone
124
cataplexy
brief episodes of sudden, bilateral loss of muscle tone, most often in association with intense emotion (part of narcolepsy)
125
most common cause of mental retardation
embryonic problems
126
face validity
what a test appears superficially to measure
127
Finger agnosia is a hallmark symptom of what syndrome?
Gerstmann's
128
A Jacksonian seizure is a type of what kind of seizure?
a simple partial seizure
129
redintegration
a type of remembering that occurs when something (e.g., a smell) unlocks a rapid chain of memories
130
What is the hallmark of quasi-experimental design?
non-random assignment
131
What kind of validity does non-random assignment affect?
internal validity
132
external validity
generalizability of the results
133
internal validity
whether something other than treatment may have caused the results
134
Melanie Klein
Object Relations: treatment focus is on recognizing and modifying the impact of problematic early object-relationships / social relations
135
neo-Freudians
e.g., Horney, Sullivan
view psychological disturbance as the result of faulty learning and as consisting of a characterologically maladaptive style of interacting with the environment
136
Adler
disturbance is viewed as a result of a faulty life-style involving a struggle for power
137
ego psychology
e.g., Anna Freud; Hartmann
focus on capacities for integration and adaptation and what is interfering with these processes
138
idioms of distress
culturally-preferred ways of expressing distress
139
orthogonal vs. oblique
**orthogonal**: variables *are not* correlated with each other
**oblique**: variabes *are* correlated with each other
140
constructivism (per Piaget)
a person develops new knowledge by interacting with objects and events in the environment
141
Are language impairment and/or intellectual impairment required for the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder?
no
142
multifinality
similar initial conditions (e.g., severe childhood abuse) may result in different outcomes (i.e., developing PTSD or not developing PTSD)
143
At which of Piaget's stages does the ability for reversability develop?
concrete operations
144
Eta is the coefficient of choice for what kind of relationship?
curvilinear
145
the three components of Taylor-Russell tables
base rate, selection ratio, and criterion-related validity
146
Does Ritalin affect dopamine or serotonin levels?
dopamine
147
Jackson's model of Black Identity Development
1. passive-acceptance
2. active-resistance
3. redirection
4. internalization
148
Cross's model of Black Identity Development
1. preencounter
2. encounter
3. immersion-emersion
4. internalization
5. internalization-committment
149
Helms's White Racial Identity Development Model
1. contact
2. disintegration
3. reintegration
4. psudo-independence
5. immersion/emersion
6. autonomy
150
cultural paranoia
healthy suspiciousness that is based on real experiences of racism
151
In Piaget's framework, at what age do children shift from **heteronomous morality** to **autonomous morality**?
10yo
**heteronomous**: thinking rigidly about morality
**autonomous:** more flexibility
152
the two substages of Kohlberg's preconventional morality
1. Punishment-Obedience (avoiding punishment)
2. Instrumental Hedonism (hoping good deeds will be rewarded)
153
the two substages of Kohlberg's conventional morality
1. Good Boy / Good Girl
2. Law and Order
154
the two substages of Kohlberg's postconventional morality
1. Morality of Contract, Individual Rights, and Democratically Accepted Laws
2. Morality of Individual Principles of Conscience
155
What are left vs. right hemisphere strokes associated with?
**left**: depression
**right**: apathy and indifference
156
What compound do you need to minimize ingestion of if on an MAOI?
tyramine
157
One key advantage of item-response theory?
can compare a subject's performance on two measures that have different types or number of items, or are scored differently
158
item response theory
used to calculate to what extent a specific item on a test correlates with an underlying construct
159
classical test theory
tries to explain and deal with error so that tests are more **reliable**
160
Per Sue and Sue, Western society has ____ locus of control and ____ locus of responsibility
internal & internal
