EPPP Flashcards
mesosystem
the interaction or links between various microsystems
attachment before 1yo: critical or sensitive period?
sensitive
Piaget’s four stages (+ ages)
sensorimotor (birth-2yo)
preoperational (2-7yo)
concrete operational (7-11yo)
formal operational (11yo+)
At what age does object permanence develop?
3-4mo (some say as late as 8mo)
decalage
unevenness in a child’s cognitive development
At what age and stage does conservation develop?
7-11yo / concrete operational
Kohlberg’s three stages (+ ages)
preconventional morality (4-10yo)
conventional morality (10yo+)
postconventional morality (13yo+ to never)
preconventional morality (+ age)
rules and punishment 4-10yo
conventional morality (+ age)
conforming to rules to get approval from others 10yo+
postconventional morality (+ age)
moral decisions based on what is right, fair, or just 13yo+ to never
What was Carol Gilligan known for?
alternatives to Kohlberg’s theory of morality that were more female value focused (e.g., caring and compassion instead of justice and fairness)
Freud & Erikson’s stages
behavioral contrast
when someone has been reinforced for two different behaviors, and reinforcement is withdrawn for one behavior, the frequency of the other behavior will increase
Premack principle
high-frequency behaviors used to reinforce low-frequency behaviors
primary vs. secondary vs. tertiary prevention
primary: prevents the problem or disorder from occurring all together
secondary: early identification and prompt treatment of a disorder or problem that already exists
tertiary: minimizing long-term consequences of a chronic condition
empirical criterion keying
a method for choosing items on a test based on the ability to distinguish between groups (e.g., depressed vs. nondepressed)
(used by the MMPI)
percentiles for +1, +2, and +3 SDs (z-scores)
+1 SD: 84th percentile
+2 SD: 97.5 percentile
+3 SD: 99.99 percentile
adverse impact (I/O)
the 80% (or 4/5ths) rule: the percentage of minorities selected must be at least 4/5 of the percentage of non-minorities selected
Griggs vs. Duke Power Company
(1971) ruled unfair to use tests that measured broad abilities (in which whites scored higher than minorities) for decisions of hiring and promotions
Hawthorne effect
productivity increases when workers are observed
Theory X vs. Y vs. Z
Theory X: assumes workers are lazy and must be coerced and directed
Theory Y: assumes that people find satisfaction with their work and that control and punishment are not necessary to bring about good performance
Theory Z: three critical Japanese management strategies
LPC theory: when are low LPC and high LPC most effective as leaders?
low LPC: most effective as leaders in situations that are either highly favorable or unfavorable
high LPC: most effective as leaders in moderately favorable situations
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
different factors account for job satisfaction vs. job dissatisfaction
lower level needs: job context (only dissatisfaction)
upper level needs: job content (only satisfaction)
job enrichment vs. job enlargement
(and, how do each affect satisfaction and performance?)
job enrichment: gives employees a greater role in planning and performing their work; increases satisfaction and performance
job enlargement: expands the variety of tasks performed without increasing responsibility or autonomy; increases satisfaction but only slightly affects job performance
human factors approach
concerned with physical aspects of a job
ideal size of a group for group effectiveness
5-7 people
What do compressed work weeks improve?
a) turnover
b) satisfaction
c) productivity
turnover and satisfaction
alloplastic vs. autoplastic
alloplastic: blaming the external environment
autoplastic: blaming oneself
partial vs. semipartial (part) correlations
partial: effect of a third variable is removed from both variables
semipartial: effect of a third variable is removed from only one of the original variables
MMPI-2 scales: L, F, K
L: lie scale (high score = trying to present oneself favorably)
F: fake bad (psychosis, high distress, or cry for help)
K: guardedness (high scores = more guarded / positive)
*K correction corrects for guardness*
DNA and RNA have been associated with…
memory
James-Lange theory of emotion
bodily reaction, which is then interpreted as emotion
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
body’s response is not important in emotion (since the thalamus sends simulatneous signals to body and cortex)
Schacter’s two-factor theory of emotion
emotion is attributed to two factors: physical arousal and a cognitive labeling of the physical arousal
*proposes people look to external rather than internal cues for labeling emotions*
Rosenthal effect
self-fulfilling prophecy: expectations influence performance (e.g., being told you’re gifted before taking a test and doing better)
Zeigarnik effect
remembering unfinished business more than completed
ERG theory
three needs of existence, relatedness, & growth
(related to Maslow)
VIE theory
people will behave in ways based on their perceived expectancy of success and rewards (Vroom)
fluoxetine
Prozac
sertraline
Zoloft
citalopram
Celexa
escitalopram
Lexapro
duloxetine
Cymbalta
paroxetine
Paxil
neuroleptic
antipsychotic
What does the Solomon Four-Group design ward against?
effects of testing
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
man with an extra X chromosome
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
re: random behavior: if behavior is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it’s strengthened (also originally included that if it’s followed by a negative consequence, it’s less likely to occur in the future)
Tolman
proposed that all behavior is purposive and can occur without reinforcement; also, latent learning
emic
role of environment: using the context of cultural background to understand a person
etic
within-person: assumes there are universal principles underlying
nomothetic
observations of groups
idiographic
closely observing one or a few individuals
“brady” (prefix)
slow
Wolpe
systematic desensitization
Kappa coefficient
interrater reliability
left hemisphere
verbal + motor control
In which area of the brain is Broca’s area?
left frontal lobe
parietal lobes - function?
sensory / somatosensory
temporal lobes - function?
auditory
occipital lobes - function?
visual cortex
thalamus - function?
sensory relay center for all senses except smell (it’s critical in the perception of pain)
hypothalamus - function?
connected to the endocrine system; maintains homeostasis, including sleep-wake cycle (regulated by the suprachiasmic nucleus, or SCN)
basal ganglia - function?
regulation and coordination of movement (via inhibitory functions)