EPPP Flashcards

Question

Alpha, Theta, and Delta waves regarding sleep

Answer 1

Alpha - occur during relaxed wakefulness and predominant just before falling asleep Theta - occur in early stage 1 sleep Delta - Slow waves that occur in stages 3 and 4, the deepest, non-dreaming part of sleep

Answer 2

Women develop sense of self thru relationships w others. This opposes male-oriented theories that emphasize autonomy and separation as pathways of development

Answer 3

Occurs when someone loses something (e.g., token, privilege) for misbehavior. Eg of negative punishment bc involves taking something away to decrease a behavior

Answer 4

0 to SD of the test (SDx_

Answer 5

0 to SD of criterion (SDy)

Answer 6

Preconventional - 4-10yrs, morality based on consequences of act. Punishment-obedience orientation. Instrumental hedonism is another substage in which moral reasoning is based on obtaining rewards and positive consequences. Conventional - 10-13yrs, moral reasoning guided by desire to maintain existing social laws, rules, norms, and approval. "Good boy-good girl" and "law and order" orientations. Post-conventional - adolescence to adult, morality in terms of self-chosen principles. social contract and individual rights orientation

Answer 7

Conformity - preference for dominant culture values over own Dissonance - have experience that is inconsistent w culturally held beliefs (e.g., MLK ass.) Resistence/Immersion - feel anger, guilt, shame at oppression/racism they have put up with Introspection - think about self as part of a minority group and what that means on a deeper level Integrative Awareness - sense of security, appreciate positive aspects of own and dominant culture

Answer 8

Autistic (0-1 mo) mother and infant are 1 Symbiotic (2-4 mos) infant sees mother as main source of need-satisfaction Separation-individuation (5-24 mos) including: differentiation and stranger anxiety (5-10 mos), practicing and separation anxiety (10-16mos), reapproachment (16-24 mos), and consolidation and object constance (24-36 mos)

Answer 9

Person or animal displays responses similar to those that have been reinforced (e.g., dog reinforced by owner for rolling over in a 'cute' way so he does other 'cute' things to get reinforced)

Answer 10

AKA mediated generalization. When a conditioned response is generalized to other similar stimuli (e.g., child is afraid of white rabbits after being conditioned to fear white rats)

Answer 11

Person learns that emitting certain behavior avoids negative consequences (e.g., pay bills on time to avoid late fee)

Answer 12

REPRESSION

Answer 13

Defense mech in which one transforms an urge into its opposite (e.g., crusading against pornography when one is attracted to it)

Answer 14

When percentage of minorities hired is less than 4/5ths of percentage of non-minorities hired. To calculate - multiply hiring rate of non-minorities by 0.8. If this value is higher than percent of minorities hired, then adverse impact has occurred

Answer 15

Kenneth Clark and his doll experiment.

Answer 16

Ppl explain failures of others by attributing the failure to internal causes

Answer 17

People attribute own success to internal factors but attribute own failures to external factors

Answer 18

Coined by Daryl Bem. People develop their attitudes (when there is no previous attitude due to a lack of experience, etc.—and the emotional response is ambiguous) by observing their own behavior and concluding what attitudes must have caused it Schacter's experiment involving injection of epinephrine to ps supports this theory

Answer 19

May be ethical provided at least 2 years has passed since end of therapy and psychologist can demonstrate there has been no exploitation in light of 7 factors (nature and duration of therapy, patients current mental status, etc)

Answer 20

``` Trust v mistrust (0-1 yr) Autonomy v shame (1-3 yrs) Initiative v guilt (3-6 yrs) Industry v inferiority (6-12 yrs) Identity v confusion (12-19 yrs) Intimacy v isolation (20-25 yrs) Generativity v stagnation (26-64 yrs) Integrity v despair (65-death) ```

Answer 21

Asian Americans prefer logical, structured, and directive approach in therapy. Asian Americans, especially if somewhat unacculturated, are likely to seek the services for more practical types of problems, such as vocational selection or evaluation of aptitude rather than for emotional problems.

Answer 22

Beck is founder of Cognitive Therapy and is known for "automatic thinking" and "logical errors" Ellis is founder of Rational-Emotive Therapy and coined the term "irrational beliefs"

Answer 23

People tend to like others who like them

Answer 24

People of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other

Answer 25

People similar to each other (e.g., similar in age, race, or religion) tend to form intimate relationships

Answer 26

Job satisfaction and performance = weak, positive correlation Job satisfaction and length of employment = moderate, positive correlation

Answer 27

Occurs when someone finds personal meaning in a statement that could apply to anyone (e.g., horoscopes, psychic)

Answer 28

The phenomenon of individuals changing behavior that results from being observed

Answer 29

Aka experimenter expectancies. Refers to the cues or clues transmitted by the experimenter to the subjects that results in subjects conforming to the experimenter’s expectations. In the original Rosenthal study (1960s) teachers in an inner-city school were given information about students who were expected to blossom academically. While these students were selected at random, at the end of the year these students did blossom compared with those not on the list.

Answer 30

proposed by Thorndike. Ppl will tend to repeat an action that had a previously pleasurable outcome

Answer 31

Problems that the supervised (or consultee) is experiencing that can affect patient progress. Type of consolation needed in this instance to address this problem would be consulted-centered case consultation

Answer 32

It involves increasing employees' autonomy, authority, and freedom, and encouraging employees to take on challenging tasks (satisfies upper level needs). Aka vertically expanding job responsibilities Associated with increased motivation, increased satisfaction and performance, decreased turnover and decreased absenteeism

Answer 33

Predicts that increasing employees' responsibility (a motivator) will result in increased satisfaction and performance Upper level needs (i.e., motivators such as autonomy on the job, recognition from supervisors, opportunities for advancement) cause satisfaction when they are met Lower level needs (aka "hygiene factors" like pay and working conditions) cause dissatisfaction when they are not me

Answer 34

Asserts that people behave in ways that are based on their perceived expectancy that certain rewards will follow. In other words, an individual will behave in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behavior over others due to what they expect the result of that selected behavior will be

Answer 35

When child exhibits strong desire to be gender opposite of biological sex and strong preferences for opposite gender. clothing, activities, etc. Previously known as gender identity disorder in DSM-IV

Answer 36

Pairing a conditioned stimulus (CS) w another neutral stimulus that is typically unrelated (e.g., pairing clap with saying bad dog before shock). Also referred to as second-order generalization

Answer 37

Occurs when a response is elicited to a neutral stimulus that has not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US). It may be the result of inadvertent pairings (e.g., the dog jumping when the experimenter walks into the room).

Answer 38

Both part of Piaget adaptation theory Assimilation = incorporating new experience into already established mental structure (e.g., girl sees a bird in sky and calls it a plane) Accommodation = modifying or expanding a cog structure or schema to take in new information

Answer 39

When a therapist performs evaluation on behest of the court, the client has no privilege and must be informed of the lack of confidentiality at the outset. In court-ordered therapy (e.g., for spousal abuse), the client is the holder of privilege and is typically entitled to complete confidentiality

Answer 40

AA adheres to disease model of addiction Marlatt's approach is cognitive behavioral and views addiction primarily as an over learned habit. Skills for relapse prevention are also taught

Answer 41

How social and cultural factors influence and shape personality. View psychological disturbance as result of faulty learning and as consisting of a characterologically maladaptive style of interacting with the environment Sullivan and Horney

Answer 42

Alcohol and category of sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics. Phenobarbital is a barbiturate, which is type of hypnotic

Answer 43

Dysphoria, fatigue, unpleasant dreams, increased appetite, and psychomotor agitation/retardation

Answer 44

Flu-like symptoms including muscle aches, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, fever, insomnia, and dysphoric mood

Answer 45

Stage 1 - hesitant participation, search for meaning, and dependency Stage 2 - conflicts, efforts at dominance, and rebellion against leader Stage 3 - development of cohesiveness

Answer 46

Secure/autonomous - high coherence and consistency. Likely to have secure infants Insecure/dismissing - contradictions and lapses in memory. Likey to have avoidant infants Insecure/preoccupied - confused, incoherent. Likely to have ambivalent/anxious infants *Adults who have trauma and loss can additionally be categorized as unresolved/disorganized and will likely have disorganized infants

Answer 47

Secure - will explore freely when caregiver present, upset when caregiver departs, but happy to see caregiver return Anxious-resistant insecure or ambivalent - explore little and wary of strangers, even when caregiver is present. Highly distressed when caregiver leaves and ambivalent upon return. Anxious-avoidant insecure - will avoid or ignore caregiver when the caregiver departs or return. will not explore very much Disorganized/disoriented - Disorganized or disoriented behaviors in parent presence

Answer 48

One in which a person must chord bw 2 desirable alternatives and after choosing, devalues the alternative not chosen. E.g., choose choco cake over pecan and later say you don't like pecan

Answer 49

Person is both drawn to and repelled by the same alternative

Answer 50

When child actively approaches and I interacts with adult strangers. Often associated with extreme social neglect or deprivation

Answer 51

Pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior toward caregiver. Often associated with extreme social neglect and deprivation

Answer 52

When standards are ambiguous and subjective, we compare ourselves to others (usually but not always to those slightly above us) Supporting this theory - Schacter's experiment in which ps led to believe they would experience a painful or non-painful shock. Ps expecting painful shock chose to affiliate with one another

Answer 53

The 2002 Ethics Code states that "multiple relationships that would not reasonably be expected to cause impairment or risk exploitation or harm are not unethical."

Answer 54

Oral (birth to 1 yr) Anal (1-3 yrs) - conflicts around toilet training and retention versus expulsion Phallic (3-6 yrs) - children become sexually attracted to parent of opposite sex and consequently fear punishment from the parent of the same sex (e.g., castration anxiety in boys) Latent (6-12yrs) - sexual feelings are more or less quiescent (i.e., latent) and so too would be the consequent fears of retribution Genital (puberty to death) - 'mature' sex

Answer 55

Operant conditioning - Behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated. Behavior not reinforced tends to die out or is weakened "Skinner box", positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment

Answer 56

Established school of behavioralism, classical conditioning, "Little Albert" experiment

Answer 57

Came up with instrumental conditioning and did experiments w puzzle boxes Law of exercise - repetition of a response strengthens it Law of effect - behaviors either strengthened or weakened depending on whether rewarded or punished

Answer 58

Correlation (along with reliability and validity) is always lower when the range is restricted for one or both variables

Answer 59

observational learning or Social Learning Theory or Social Cognitive Behaviorism. Bobo doll experiment

Answer 60

Part of the personal and collective unconscious that is projected outward

Answer 61

Case in which it was ruled that certain tests, such as the Wonderlic, were unfair to use in making decisions about hiring and promotion. Broad, general testing was faulted, and testing was required to measure the specific skills required by a particular

Answer 62

Court rules that intelligence testing unfairly discriminated against minority students, resulting in too many being labeled as needing special education. As a result, intelligence testing alone can no longer be used in assigning minority students to special education services

Answer 63

Focus on only 1 aspect of an object or situation at a time. Occur in pre-operational child. Also involved in inability to conserve

Answer 64

Minuchin, focus on the family's hierarchy and working on problematic boundary issues. Therapist typically joins the family initially by observing their dynamics and relating with family members within the style of their interactions. Pathology thought to result from structural imbalance such as a malfunctioning hierarchical arrangement with poor boundaries that may be too rigid (disengaged) or too diffuse (enmeshed), or a maladaptive reaction to changing requirements

Answer 65

Bowen, focus on differentiation issues, emotional triangles (i.e., closeness of 2 members excludes appropriate involvement of a 3rd member), use genograms basic tenet is that a system seeks homeostasis, balance, and stability -change in one part of the family is associated with -change in all other parts. the system is composed of interrelated parts. -the system maintains a balance of periods of change and periods of stability.

Answer 66

Haley A combination of Minuchin's structural approach and communications approach. Posits that pathology results from a malfunctioning hierarchy. Symptoms are seen as a mode of communication in relationships. Often involves prescribing the symptom

Answer 67

Concern for double binds, Satir, Jackson, and Bateson

Answer 68

Theory X - assumes workers are lazy and must be coerced. Set firm rules, scientific management Theory Y - people are industrious, creative, and seek responsibility. Allow employees to take part in decision-making

Answer 69

Group members make more extreme decisions than they would have individually

Answer 70

Single subject approach research design

Answer 71

Group approach to research design

Answer 72

Denial (eg "not me", "it's not possible") Anger (eg "why me?!") Bargaining (eg "if I get through this, I'll be nicer to my family") Depression (despair and hopelessness) Acceptance

Answer 73

Variable ratio reinforcement or reinforcement on a variable basis

Answer 74

Combined operant extinction for an undesired behavior with reinforcement for more appropriate behavior. E.g., a child is ignored when she whines and complimented when she politely asks for what she wants

Answer 75

Job enrichment = involves increasing employees' responsibility and involvement. Increased job satisfaction and performance Job enlargement - increasing the variety of tasks, but not responsibility or degree of challenge. Increases job satisfaction but does not improve performance

Answer 76

AKA prescribing the symptom. Have clients do opposite of what they expect. E.g., for a couple who's primary complaint is that they argue too much may be given hw of arguing 2 hours per day for the next week

Answer 77

Stage 1 - gender labeling. Children identify others as male or female based on physical appearance and do not recognize that gender is stable over time Stage 2 -gender stability. Children recognize that gender is stable over time (e.g., boys will grow up to be daddies), however still confusion as to whether superficial appearance identifies gender Stage 3 - gender consistency. children understand nature of gender as permanent across time and situation.

Answer 78

Effectiveness as leader is determined by how well leadership style matches the situation Leadership style: High LPCs = rate LPC more highly = relationship-oriented leaders - do best in moderately favorable situations Low LPC = rate LPC lower = task-oriented leaders - do best at the extremes (either highly favorable or highly unfavorable situations) Situational favorableness based on following: 1. Leader-member relations (I.e., how much team trusts leader) 2. Task structure (clear vs vague) 3. Position power (more authority = more favorable)

Answer 79

Contends that people underestimate the effect of external factors (the physical and social environment) on relationship satisfaction Proposes that positive and negative emotions are most likely to occur when partner's behavior interrupts the individual's typical on-going behaviors. Thus, when things are running smoothly, there are fewer interruptions and less intense emotions

Answer 80

AKA testimonial privilege. Patient's right to keep confidential communications from being disclosed in a legal proceeding.

Answer 81

Process through which individuals are credentialed within institutions to provide specific patient care services

Answer 82

Developed a multi-systems approach to working with AA and other minority families. She encourages meetings outside of consultation room and actively involving different systems that influence clients, such as school, church, and extended family. Specifically discourages a "victim mentality," in which all problems are seen as stemming from racism

Answer 83

Hope Trust v Mistrust (0-1 yrs)

Answer 84

Will Autonomy v Shame (1-3 yrs)

Answer 85

Purpose Initiative v guilt (3-6 yrs)

Answer 86

Competency Industry v inferiority (6-12 yrs)

Answer 87

Fidelity Identity v. Confusion (13-21 yrs)

Answer 88

Love Intimacy v isolation (20-25 yrs)

Answer 89

Care Generativity v stagnation (26-64 yrs)

Answer 90

Wisdom Integrity v despair (65-death)

Answer 91

A 95% confidence interval is defined as plus or minus two standard errors of measurement (SEM) around the obtained score. For example, if the obtained score is 82 and the SEM is 5, the confidence interval would be 72-92 (two SEMs = 10)

Answer 92

Satisfaction, length of time on the job, and expressed interest to stay. All of these correlations are negative

Answer 93

Precontemplation - person in denial of problems and has no intention to change behavior Contemplation - person becomes aware that problem exists and feels ambivalent about change. No action taken Preparation - Committed to making a change, make plan for change, perceives benefit of change Action - Person is modifying behavior and experiences in order to overcome problem Maintenance - Person takes steps to prevent relapse and maintain gains made during previous action stage Termination - final stage (most people never reach this stage) - "zero temptation and 100% self-efficacy"

Answer 94

Physiological arousal occurs and depends on person's appraisal of controllability of the situation Overcrowding increases social withdrawal (reduced eye contact and increased interpersonal distance) Induces negative mood state in males (females show neg mood state in low-density) Illness frequency increases with density

Answer 95

Evaluating a program on an on-going basis as it is being implemented

Answer 96

Program evaluation that occurs only at the end of the program

Answer 97

Focuses on helping consultees overcome problems that limit programmatic change

Answer 98

career development model based on Erikson's psychosocial theory of ego identity development. person develops a vocational identity through differentiation and integration. Differentiation refers to making distinctions about different aspects of oneself (e.g., characteristics one possesses) and environment (e.g., seeing various aspects of a particular job instead of just one factor). Integration refers to unifying these different aspects, and results in making better decisions, setting more refined goals, and developing more useful plans

Answer 99

Life-span view of career development Career viewed as a combination of eight life roles: Child, Student, Leisurite, Citizen, Worker, Parent, Spouse, and Homemaker

Answer 100

Focuses on knowledge of oneself and knowledge of the working world. Holland proposed that individuals and job traits can be matched, and close matches correlate with job success and satisfaction Good fit bw personality type and occupation results in job satisfaction

Answer 101

Posits that people choose careers based on what has been learned through modeling and reinforcement includes 4 major factors of influence on career decisions: 1. genetic characteristics and special abilities 2. environmental conditions and events 3. learning experience 4. task approach skills, including performance expectations, values, work habits, and emotional responses.

Answer 102

To reduce sense of boredom that comes from doing repetitive and monotonous work

Answer 103

Specific goals Goals should be intermediate to high level difficulty Workers should receive feedback on their performance Belief that goals are attainable Commitment/acceptance of goal

Answer 104

Sensitization - pre-pubescent individual feels different from peers and internalizes a negative self-concept. Identity confusion - Around age 18. Growing recognition of homosexual feelings and impulses, as well as feelings of exclusion in the world. Conflict, may resort to denial, avoidance, or attempt to become heterosexual Identity assumption - Around 19-22 yrs. Reduction in social isolation and increased contact with other gays/lesbians. Acknowledging homosexual identity while still having negative attitudes about it. Commitment - Around 22-23. Integration of homosexual identity. More open about sexual orientation, better able to make same-sex commitments, and are happier.

Answer 105

Tendency for initial information to carry more weight than information received later

Answer 106

Represents a patient in hearings that are conducted in order to determine whether the patient should continue to be held on an involuntary basis in an inpatient facility.

Answer 107

Focuses on social and legal reform in order to improve the well being of a particular disenfranchised group

Answer 108

Development of conscience in young children is related to early temperament and parenting styles (mutual positive affect between mother and child, low power assertion by the mother, and maternal empathy) * Also dev. of conscience in later childhood was positively correlated with high inhibitory control and low impulsivity in early childhood.

Answer 109

Subtype of short-term memory that holds seven plus or minus two bits of information for up to 30 seconds. Like working memory but does not involve manipulating the information

Answer 110

Become reasonably familiar with the judicial rules governing their roles. No requirement to complete a formal training program in forensic psychology.

Answer 111

(e.g., Valium, Xanax) Addiction potential, sedation, memory disturbance, disinhibition, similar effects to drinking alcohol

Answer 112

Dry mouth, blurry vision, urinary retention. Associated with tricyclic antidepressants and certain antipsychotics

Answer 113

16-session time-limited therapy model that links interpersonal problems with presenting problems. Focus is on current relationships, not on past. 1 of 4 interpersonal problem areas is typically the focus of treatment: grief, role dispute, role transition, or interpersonal deficits Most widely applied to the treatment of nonpsychotic depression.

Answer 114

It would be unethical for you to testify on behalf of the wife, and against the husband, since they were both your clients in marital therapy. Cannot make recommendations in favor of the mother and must refuse to testify. Recommend an objective 3rd party conduct an evaluation of the family

Answer 115

Anticonvulsants. E.g., Tegretol (carbamazepine), Depakote (divalproex), and Depakene (valproic acid)

Answer 116

Transformational - consider the needs and capabilities of each individual in order to increase performance goals. Also use intellectual stimulation, charisma, and inspiration Transactional - more traditional leaders who influence subordinates through daily exchanges that are fairly emotionless

Answer 117

Occurs when a subject is reinforced for every interval of time (e.g., five minutes) in which the target undesirable behavior does not occur.

Answer 118

Tx is applied sequentially or consecutively across subjects, situations, or behaviors. Although expensive and time-consuming, it can eliminate problems associated with other single subject designs, such as threat of history, failure to return to baseline, and ethical concerns about the withdrawal of treatment

Answer 119

Schizotypal - deficits in interpersonal functioning marked by discomfort and reduced capacity for close relationships, as well as peculiarities in cognition, ideation, appearance, and behavior Schizoid - detachment and indifference to social relationships, and a restricted range of emotions.

Answer 120

People look at the ratio of inputs and outcomes (rewards) and compare them with the ratio of others' inputs and outcomes. A state of inequity is a motivating state. predicts that worker motivation is related to the comparisons we make between our own situation and that of others

Answer 121

Ppl are persuaded through either peripheral or central route. Peripheral route - focus on aspects that are not central to the message, such as speaker's appearance, attractiveness, eloquence, and expertise or receiver's mood (happy mood and fear in receiver shown to increase persuasiveness) Central route - involves message elaboration, in which person pays attention to the core message and thinks deeply about the relevant information

Answer 122

Suggests that people lose interest in previously desirable activities after performing them for external reward

Answer 123

When a supervisor refers a supervisee to an Employee Assistance Program, the therapist must divulge some info to the supervisor, such as whether the pt came for the evaluation and whether he agreed to comply with the proposed treatment plan. Compliance with tx may be a requirement of continued employment. At outset of eval, pt must be informed of this limitation of confidentiality and informed consent to tx must be obtained. A release of info is not needed to reveal information about attendance, but would be required for disclosing specific aspects of the pt's problem and his treatment

Answer 124

Microsystem - bi-directional relationship w/ diff environments on day-to-day basis (e.g., home, school, work, neighborhood) Mesosystem - Connections bw all immediate environments or microsystems Exosystem - Describes relationship bw several settings, with one or more of them indirectly affecting the person Macrosystem - Influences of culture, such as the dominant belief system, the economy, etc Chronosystem - Addresses the role of the passage of time in person's life

Answer 125

Focuses on how PERCEPTIONS of vulnerability and beliefs about illness influence health behaviors (e.g., diet, exercise, inoculations). Multicausal and proposes health behaviors result from joint influence of psychosocial factors (e.g., demographic variables, peer pressure), perceived susceptibility to disease and perceived seriousness of the disease, and perceived benefits of preventative action vs perceived barriers to preventative action. If ppl believe they can exert control over their own health, then they are more likely to engage in healthy habits such as exercise and good nutrition, and to decrease harmful behaviors, such as overeating, smoking, etc.

Answer 126

F scale comprised of items that are infrequently endorsed. Elevated F = emotional turmoil, potential malingering, mental confusion, or a cry for help

Answer 127

Measures defensiveness. Low K = patient is NOT responding in a defensive manner. High K = guardedness

Answer 128

Heteronomous morality - age 4-7 yrs, morality of constraint. Children view rules as absolute and unchangeable. Inflexible moral reasoning AUTONOMOUS morality - By age 7-8. Rules recognized as being determined by agreement btw individuals, and are consequently alterable. Consider intentions of person. Decline in egocentrism.

Answer 129

Primary - Prevention of getting disease in the 1st place (e.g., drug and alc education programs, Ps w gene for Tay-Sach's disease do genetic counseling to prevent birth of children w the disease) Secondary - Identifying at risk individuals early and doing intervention (e.g., teenagers who recently begin smoking, mothers with peripartum onset of depression, intervene immediately after ps witness a trauma) Tertiary - Reduction of adverse effects associated with chronic condition or illness (e.g., adults with ASD are helped w program to maximize psychosocial functioning)

Answer 130

Left hemisphere processes positive emotions Right hemisphere processes negative emotions

Answer 131

1. Contact - ppl are ignorant, don't recognize racism and own white privilege 2. Disintegration - ppl feel uncomfortable w advantages of being white and role of whites maintaining racism. May result in denial and avoidance 3. Reintegration - Belief in white superiority and acceptance of racism 4. Pseudo-independence - self examination and seeking out new info 5. Immersion/emersion - active search to find a more comfortable way to be white 6. Autonomy - ppl achieve a positive redefinition of being white that includes ongoing openness to new info and ways of thinking about race/culture

Answer 132

Infants - 50% Adults - 20% Older Adults - 15%

Answer 133

Milan group, uses circular questions to clarify family members' attributions of the presenting problem

Answer 134

No one! Client must be informed in advance the limits of confidentiality (in this case, no confidentiality) and of the uses to which the info may be put (e.g., to determine competence, insanity, etc)

Answer 135

Global, stable, internal attributions or failure experiences

Answer 136

Idea that drinking operates on principle of negative reinforcement. People drink because they feel an unpleasant tensions, and drinking allows ppl to avoid or reduce unpleasant stress (I.e., an aversive stimulus is removed)

Answer 137

Tremors, sweats, agitation, and increased autonomic reactions. Hallucinations, panic, and grand mal seizures

Answer 138

Insomnia, nightmares, and gastrointestinal distress

Answer 139

Nausea and vomiting, muscle aches, and dysphoric mood examples of opioids - heroin

Answer 140

Dysphoria, fatigue

Answer 141

Belief in the superiority of heterosexuals, and the negative valuing and discriminatory treatment of individuals and groups who are lesbian, gay, or bisexual

Answer 142

3 factors play significant role in motivation: 1. Expectancy refers to expectancy for success 2. Instrumentality is the belief that successful performance will result in rewards 3. Valence refers to value attached to the rewards

Answer 143

Classic analysts - focus on interpreting and helping client understand the manifest (surface) and latent (underlying) meaning of dreams Gestalt - have clients take on role of all elements in the dream (I.e., ask client to become the lion that is chasing him in the dream) Jungian - See dreams as containing elements of both the personal and collective unconscious

Answer 144

Fixed interval is least resistant (I.e., most easily extinguished) Followed by variable interval and then fixed ratio.

Answer 145

Variable ratio is most resistant (I.e., hardest to extinguish)

Answer 146

Tendency of group members to suspend their critical thinking and to dismiss dissenting or conflicting information. Most likely to occur in a group high in cohesion with members high in conformity, group members have homogeneous backgrounds and values, and a strong, directive leader

Answer 147

Intrusive symptoms, avoidance and/or negative alterations in cognitions in mood, and increased arousal

Answer 148

Acute stress disorder - Traumatic event, at least 9 symptoms from the following groups: intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, and arousal. Persist from 3 days to 1 month PTSD - Symptoms persist for greater than 1 month

Answer 149

True. When a patient sues a therapist, privilege is generally waived. The psychologist may need to divulge some confidential information in response to the lawsuit to protect himself in court.

Answer 150

Bell and pad technique (based on principles of operant conditioning) and use of tricyclic antidepressant Tofranil (imipramine). Use of Tofranil has higher rate of relapse

Answer 151

Can be dangerous bc taking along with foods high in tyramine (e.g., alcohol, aged cheeses) or in combo with prescription meds (sympathomimetic drugs to treat hrt conditions) can induce a HYPERtensive crisis. Can also result in mild side effects such as hypotension Hydrazine and Phenelzine are examples

Answer 152

Triangulation - e.g. both parents try to get a child to take sides with them against the other Coalition - Wife says something disparaging to her daughter about her husband (I.e., a family member tries to form an alliance w the daughter against the father)

Answer 153

16th percentil

Answer 154

3yrs old. Refers to individuals self-perception as a male or female

Answer 155

5-6 yrs. Recognition that gender does not change with dress or behavior.

Answer 156

Decrease in respiration and heart rate. Muscle tone is maintained. Night terrors may occur.

Answer 157

Increased heart rate, increased BP, and loss of muscle tone

Answer 158

First word at 10-14 months Holophrasic speech - 12-18 months Telegraphic speech - 18-24 months

Answer 159

Upon immediate recall, people will recall words at beginning and end of a list better than those in the middle. *After a delay, ppl will recall words at beginning of list best (primacy effect)

Answer 160

Based on identification with and liking of the leader

Answer 161

Leader has power to reward others

Answer 162

Leader has special information that others do not possess

Answer 163

Increased job satisfaction, decreased anxiety, decreased turnover No effect on work performance

Answer 164

When achievement test scores are at least 1.5 standard deviations below population mean for age (I.e., below the 7th percentile) and are not better accounted for by intellectual disabilities

Answer 165

3 steps lead to delinquency: 1) Children learn to be aggressive by observing coercive and antisocial behavior in parents. Parents respond to child's noncompliance w increasingly coercive and aggressive behaviors. Poor parenting practices reinforce coercive behavior on the part of the child and cycle of escalating coerciveness ensues. Leads to conduct problems. 2) Child w conduct problems experiences academic failure and peer rejection. 3) The child experiences a depressed mood and is more likely to join a deviant peer group.

Answer 166

Situational type = sexual dysfunction is limited to certain situations, partners, or stimulation Acquired type = onset after a period of normal functioning Substance/medication-induced = inability to have orgasm when intoxicated

Answer 167

Type 1 - false positive Type 2 - false negative

Answer 168

A hypnotized person recalls more false memories than true ones

Answer 169

Maslow - 5 needs arranged hierarchically: physiological, safety, belonging and love (social), esteem, and self-actualization. Once one need is met, the person moves to the next need in hierarchy ERG - Existence, Relatedness, and Growth. All needs can influence ppl at same time, and that satisfying a need may make the need stronger. Maslow's theory has little scientific support and judged to have low scientific validity. ERG has greater empirical support

Answer 170

Increased arousal can help improve performance, but only up to a certain point. At the point when arousal becomes excessive, performance diminishes.

Answer 171

Social referencing becomes common at about one year of age, when the infant uses cues from another person, such as the mother, to deal with affective uncertainty (e.g., whether a situation is dangerous or exciting).

Answer 172

.10, meaning there is a 10% chance of developing disorder or you are 10-12 times more likely than average person

Answer 173

Self-monitoring - Person monitors a behavior of interest. E.g., someone who is trying to lose weight keeps track of all food eaten (when, where, how much, etc.) Stimulus control - involves controlling situations that trigger eating (e.g., the person eats only at certain times or only at the kitchen table). Self-reinforcement - based on operant conditioning. E.g., a dieter rewards himself w a pleasurable activity (e.g., a movie) after achieving a weight-loss goal

Answer 174

Abrupt awakening, intense fear and signs of autonomic arousal, unresponsiveness to efforts of others to comfort the person, and amnesia for the episode. Sleep terrors typically occur during the first 3rd of the night, during Stage 4 sleep

Answer 175

Norepinephrine - Depression and mania Serotonin - OCD, depression, Dopamine - Schizophrenia Acetylcholine - Memory and voluntary movement

Answer 176

SSRIs Before SSRIs, tricyclic antidepressants were used

Answer 177

Receiving a court order means that you must submit your treatment records, even if the client refuses to sign a release of information. However, you can request that the court order be modified, if you have reason to believe that the disclosure of treatment information would not be helpful. If the request for modification is refused, then you must release the records

Answer 178

Theory developed by Melzack and Wall in 1960's. Proposes that there are chemical gates residing in neural pathway in the spinal cord that carries messages of pain from the body to the brain. These gates can be "open," in which case the message of pain is received by the brain, or "closed," in which case the message is blocked. Negative emotional states are thought to open the gates, and positive emotions may close them

Answer 179

Used when there are 2 predictor variables and 2 criterion variables

Answer 180

African Americans would be expected to have the most egalitarian sex roles, perhaps because many African American women have had to work outside the home due to economic necessity. Traditional Hispanic American families are hierarchical and patriarchal, with clearly delineated sex roles. Asian American families are lineal, with clear lines of authority, and are traditionally male dominant. Caucasians families tend to be male dominant.

Answer 181

Refers to tendency of people in groups to hold extreme views. Extreme views may be either very conservative or very liberal (e.g., people in a group may become more pro-life or more pro-choice).

Answer 182

refers to the ability to arrange things in a series based on a particular characteristic, such as size (e.g., arranging rocks in order based on size)

Answer 183

Demonstrated that depressed ppl are sometimes more realistic in their appraisals than are persons with normal mood. Also non-depressed ppl have unrealistically positive assessments of their ability to control outcomes, a phenomenon termed "illusion of control"

Answer 184

Mental state in which a person expects others to be hostile and acts aggressively as a result, thus eliciting hostility form others and reinforcing the bias

Answer 185

Doing opposite of what one is told to do. Reactance occurs when people feel pressured and they then increase their resistance to the message. E.g., Person A might deliberately pressure Person B to do something, in the hope that Person B will react to the pressure by doing the exact opposite, which is secretly what Person A wanted all along.

Answer 186

Occurs when compliance w an initially small request increases the probability that a second larger request will be complied with. This phenomenon may explain behavior of subjects in Milgram's obedience studies, who initially gave low levels of shock and then increased them over time.

Answer 187

A person rejects an initial request that is large and somewhat unreasonable. The person is then presented with a smaller and more reasonable request and does comply. This is a common technique used when people try to solicit funds. For example, after you refuse a request to contribute one hundred dollars, you are asked to contribute ten dollars.

Answer 188

Refers to the phenomenon that people eventually forget the source of a communication, yet they still remember the message

Answer 189

Tarasoff I - when a pt admits to homicidal intent and there is a "reasonably identifiable victim," the therapist has a duty to warn the intended victim as well as the police Tarasoff II - when a pt admits to homicidal intent, the therapist must attempt to warn the intended victim and must tell the police, AND take further steps such as securing medications or hospitalization for the pt

Answer 190

Autonomous - (by around 10 yrs) rules are flexible, are agreed upon by others, and can be changed if necessary Heteronomous - (children aged 5-10) characterized by belief that rules are decided upon by authority figures, cannot be changed, and must be followed without question

Answer 191

Minority influence is most likely to have a delayed effect on the group Also most likely to occur when the group with minority views is consistent and does not make small concessions

Answer 192

The 5 basic factors in personality include openness to experience (O), conscientiousness (C), extroversion (E), agreeableness (A), and neuroticism (N). (OCEAN) Based on factor analysis

Answer 193

Predominate during alert wakefulness

Answer 194

Stores information as a visual (iconic) or auditory (echoic) image. Info is retained in sensory memory for a very brief period of time (up to one second for visual information and up to four seconds for auditory information), and is retained accurately

Answer 195

Any fee splitting between a psychologist and another professional should be based on services provided (e.g., consultative, administrative or other), and not the referral itself

Answer 196

Live or symbolic modeling --> guided participation When using modeling, the typical sequence is symbolic modeling (e.g., watching a filmed model) or live modeling (e.g., watching a live model) followed by participant modeling. Participant modeling involves live modeling plus contact with the therapist (or model) who gradually guides the person in activities involving physically interacting with the feared object

Answer 197

low-context - emphasis placed on the content and choosing the right words to express the message high-context - the situation and the non-verbal cues significantly affect the meaning of what is verbalized Middle class white Americans tend to be low-context. AAs, AsianAs, Hispanics, and NativeAs tend to be high context

Answer 198

Performance is judged based off of the best performing member of the group. (e.g., in a ski jump competition, the winning team is the one with the group member who jumps the farthest)

Answer 199

The group's accomplishment is limited by the least effective member's performance

Answer 200

group members' separate performances are added to produce a combined effect

Answer 201

Increased sense of hope Meta-analytic studies (e.g., Howard et al) have found 50% of patients measurably improved within eight sessions, and 75% improved within six months

Answer 202

MVAs are leading cause of death account for 36% of adolescent and young adult deaths Homicide is 2nd leading cause of death (except in AA community, it is number 1 leading cause) Suicide is 3rd leading cause of death

Answer 203

Test reliability. It measures internal consistency by analyzing all possible split halves of a test. Resembles Cronbach's coefficient alpha

Answer 204

Formula used to estimate reliability if the number of items is decreased or increased

Answer 205

Deep - involves semantic errors, may mistakenly read a given word as one w/ a similar meaning (e.g., "couch" instead of "chair") Surface - have to sound out the word. difficulty reading irregular words (e.g., "come")

Answer 206

Type of remembering that occurs when something (e.g., a smell) unlocks a rapid chain of memories. For example, walk into a restaurant and smell a meal that reminds you of a gathering at your grandmother's house when you were 5 years old

Answer 207

Principle that guides placement of students in academic settings. Students should be placed in the least restrictive environment in which it is likely their needs can be met

Answer 208

Restlessness (expressed as jitters, tapping of feet, rocking back and forth, shifting weight while standing) and dysphoria. Most common side effect of antipsychotic medications.

Answer 209

Apathy and decrease in voluntary movements

Answer 210

Increase sample size use of a 1-tailed test increase alpha Power = 1-beta

Answer 211

Ppl generate more ideas and better ones when they brainstorm alone, as opposed to brainstorming in a group. Social inhibition refers to inhibition (or worsening) of performance, when a novel or complex task is performed in a group

Answer 212

Avoidance - do something to avoid negative consequences altogether Escape - do something to escape from negative consequences E.g., POW is told he will be tortured unless he reveals military secrets. He refuses. After an hour of torture, he continues to refuse. After 2 more hours, he finally reveals the secrets. This is ESCAPE behavior. If he would have immediately complied and told the secrets, this would be AVOIDANCE behavior

Answer 213

Method of punishment involving restitution or reparation, as well as physical guidance. Most commonly used to decrease inappropriate behaviors. Restitution refers to having the person make up for an inappropriate behavior, e.g., if an adolescent makes a mess in her room, she is required to clean her room and maybe even other rooms in the house. Physical guidance may be necessary to help the person complete the different steps of the task.

Answer 214

Untimely feedback

Answer 215

It approaches 0. When a test's validity approaches 1, it means that the test is close to being perfectly valid, or being a perfect predictor. In this case, there would be almost no error in estimating, thus the standard error of the estimate would approach 0.0. The formula for the standard error of estimate is Sest = SDy√ 1-rxy2.

Answer 216

Type of vascular headache, typically involve unilateral pain in the orbital (around the eye) or frontal regions. These headaches, which can be precipitated by alcohol ingestion, are more frequent in men, usually begin during sleep, and recur over a period of days or weeks causing closely spaced attacks of intense pain, followed by remissions that can last weeks, months or even years. The pain is frequently described as piercing.

Answer 217

Emphasis is on personal responsibility and balance of five basic needs: survival (i.e., breathing, digesting, and sweating); to love and belong (i.e., need for friends and family); power (i.e., self-esteem, recognition, and competition); freedom (i.e., make choices); and fun (i.e, play, laughter, learning, recreation). Examine actions and values. Specifically, clarifying values and evaluating current behavior and plans in relation to these values. The goal is to help person accept responsibility for their decisions and actions. The process involves examining the consequences of actions and deciding on realistic solutions.

Answer 218

Involves examination of scripts and roles, the rules by which the person has lived and the roles taken on. The focus of TA is on helping the person become aware of new options, and enhancing the capacity to live a "scriptless" life Model of people and relationships that is based on two notions: 1) we have functional 'ego-states' to our personality 2) these parts converse with one another in 'transactions.' we each have internal models or ego states of parents [i.e., Critical Parent (CP), Nurturing Parent (NP)], children [i.e., Free Child (FC), Adapted Child (AC)] and adults, and we play these roles with one another in our relationships as well as with ourselves internally. The ego states can be mapped using an egogram

Answer 219

Increased contact with members of other races

Answer 220

Object Relations theorist. Treatment focus is on recognizing and modifying the impact of problematic early object-relationships.

Answer 221

Psych disturbance is viewed as a result of a faulty life-style involving a struggle for power. Struggle for power as means of compensating for inferiority emphasized social factors and need to belong (i.e., social interest). Adler held people are primarily motivated by an innate social interest and that the goal in life is to act in ways that fulfill social responsibilities.

Answer 222

Elavil, Anafranil, Tofranil have anticholinergic side effects

Answer 223

Repetitive, seemingly driven, and apparently purposeless motor behavior (eg, hand shaking or waving, body rocking, head banging, self-biting, or hitting one's own body)

Answer 224

Compared to men, women are more likely to report symptoms accurately, report distress with symptoms, and to seek medical tx

Answer 225

Comparative method of employee evaluation in which people are ranked to fit a given distribution. Employees are compared to all other employees in a work group

Answer 226

likert scales that involve rating each employee on a variety of job dimensions

Answer 227

Idea that opposites attract (i.e., people frequently choose partners who are different in terms of personality)

Answer 228

Determined by evaluating each response in terms of its degree of integration (+, v/+, o, v)

Answer 229

Area of blot that person used to develop the response

Answer 230

Refers to how accurately the percept relates to the form of the inkblot (+, o, u, -)

Answer 231

Refers to the type and specific categories the responses belong to (e.g., Clothing, Science, Whole Human, etc.)

Answer 232

trembling, sweating, weight loss, nausea, restlessness, dizziness, agitated depression, insomnia, and impaired memory and judgment

Answer 233

Basis is that people structure their experiences as whole, integrated organisms, not in cognitive or affective fragments. Focuses on becoming aware of whole personality through a process of discovering aspects of the self that are blocked from awareness Goal is to enhance capacity to communicate w self and others. See contact with ourselves and others as key for change and growth to take place Tx approach is active and focuses much more on awareness, experiencing and affective expression than on cognitive analysis of behavior Questions by clients are discouraged because questions are believed to promote intellectualization and interfere with experiencing feelings

Answer 234

Stage 1 - identity confusion. Stage 2 - identity comparison - characterized by feelings of alienation Stage 3 - identity tolerance - homosexuality is tolerated, but still see hetero as preferred Stage 4 - identity acceptance - homosexuality is seen as valid. Stage 5 - identity pride - heterosexuality is devalued and homosexuality is preferred. Stage 6 - identity synthesis, in which sexual orientation is integrated

Answer 235

moderately effective, but high recidivism rate

Answer 236

1-3 years after immigration

Answer 237

Individuals who are well acculturated show the least stress and the best overall adjustment compared to those who assimilate, and to those who refuse to adapt to the dominant culture altogether

Answer 238

children and teenagers acculturate more quickly than adults

Answer 239

May decrease appetite and temporarily suppress growth. For this reason it is frequently suggested that children taking stimulants receive drug holidays (periods such as weekends and summer vacations when they are not given the medication). Drug holidays allow children the opportunity to compensate for any growth suppression.

Answer 240

late onset of the illness paranoid type positive symptoms female gender

Answer 241

Goal is to improve the finished product and level of production in the workplace The method of QCCs involves increasing workers' responsibility for their work, as well as increasing their participation in decisions affecting the nature of the work. Typically affects organizational unit, not organization as a whole. Usually made up of 7-10 employees from the same department

Answer 242

Type of correlation coefficient used when 1 variable is continuous (i.e., interval or ratio data) and 1 variable is dichotomous (i.e., nominal data). More specifically, a "point biserial coefficient" is used when the dichotomous variable is a true dichotomy (i.e., naturally occurring such as male/female) and a "biserial coefficient" is used when the dichotomous variable is an artificial dichotomy (e.g., high income/low income).

Answer 243

correlation coefficients to use when both variables are dichotomous The phi is used for true dichotomies and the tetrachoric for artificially occurring ones.

Answer 244

The number of risk factors has been more consistently found to correlate with psychopathology than the severity of risk factors

Answer 245

)Males and females differ in terms of their resilience to risk factors boys appear more vulnerable to risk factors from the prenatal period to about age 10, while girls grow more vulnerable to risk factors during their teens. Also, girls generally appear to possess a wider range of coping skills than boys.

Answer 246

refers to the perception and use of personal space (e.g., how far one needs to stand from others when speaking to them).

Answer 247

refers to vocal cues, such as loudness, pauses, rate of speech, silences, and inflections.

Answer 248

Professional behavior of psychologists is regulated by state boards (e.g., in California, the Board of Psychology). State boards grant licenses to practice, and have the authority and responsibility to investigate and respond to allegations of inappropriate (illegal and/or unethical) professional conduct

Answer 249

When a person views the self or others as either all good or all bad. Involves an inability to integrate the different aspects of one's feelings

Answer 250

When one channels unacceptable impulses into socially desirable behaviors

Answer 251

Context dependent - it is easier to recall information in the same environment in which it was originally acquired (e.g., a student is better able to recall the info learned in the classroom than what he studied at home) State dependent - tendency for people to remember material better if their state of mind matches that of when they learned it (e.g., student who smoked mj while studying for an exam, does better on the exam when under the influence)

Answer 252

Occurs during stage 4 of sleep. Characterized by

Answer 253

Ego functions to suspend or satisfy id impulses, typically by resorting to means that are rational, socially acceptable and reasonably safe. Ego is aware of the consequences of behavior as well as the real world Superego determines rules of conduct, and requires that the solutions the ego finds to meet the id's needs are moral and ethical, based on an internalized set of rules about what is good and bad.

Answer 254

Remote - refers to memory of information stored for two weeks or more LTM - info recalled after 2 hours of initial presentation Working/short-term memory - 30 seconds

Answer 255

Regression to the mean is a significant concern when subjects initially score extremely high or low on a measure. Upon retesting, there is a tendency to score in a less extreme range, or closer to average. In this scenario, the subjects might appear as if they had improved due to treatment, when it is simply a result of regression. The best way to manage the threat of regression is with a control group

Answer 256

Agranulocytosis is a potentially lethal side effect associated with Clozapine (Clozaril), a novel antipsychotic. Involves a sudden drop in the granulocyte count, usually occurring within hours to 12 weeks of initial administration, and manifesting as a sore throat and high fever.

Answer 257

Normative - occurs when ps comply w majority's standards for acceptable behavior because they want to be liked. More likely to occur when ps perceive themselves as similar to the majority, when in cohesive groups, or when there is a fear of rejection. May result in public compliance, but not private acceptance Informational - tendency for ps to conform to the majority decision because they want to perceive reality correctly. Most likely to occur when task is difficult and ambiguous

Answer 258

Focuses on deficits in emotional development that result from inadequate parent-child interactions (e.g., lack of sufficient mirroring and empathy), and contribute to a fragmented sense of self.

Answer 259

increases | decreases (I.e., reliability increases as subjects become more heterogeneous)

Answer 260

another name for aversive counterconditioning, and involves pairing an imagined undesired behavior with an imagined negative consequence (e.g., imagining oneself smoking and developing lung cancer).

Answer 261

Group members typically tend to turn to male bosses for information and to female bosses for for support. Both women and men tend to prefer a male boss

Answer 262

True. Research has indicated that most homicides are intraracial. Caucasians are most likely to kill Caucasians African Americans are most likely to kill other African Americans, etc. In general, all types of crime (e.g., rape, burglary, etc.) tend to follow this intraracial pattern

Answer 263

Orthogonal - uncorrelated | oblique - correlated

Answer 264

Extinction - p is repeatedly exposed to the CS (i.e., learned behavior) without the US being present. Habituation - repeated exposure to a US until the US no longer elicits a UR. E.g., a person habituates to living in a noisy neighborhood, and no longer wakes up during the night when cars honk or loud music is played

Answer 265

emic - understanding a person within the context of the specific cultural background etic - focus from outside social context. local observations, categories, explanations, and interpretations

Answer 266

Theory of moral development in women 2 moral voices - masculine vs feminine Based off of Kohlberg

Answer 267

established psychotherapist-patient relationship, which entails a duty to provide care for the patient negligent treatment harm to patient as a result of tx

Answer 268

numerator in F ratio is the variance between groups, which is thought to result from the combined effects of experimental treatment and experimental error. denominator is the variance within groups, which represents the influence of experimental error alone

Answer 269

pre-adulthood stage (age 0 – 22) early adulthood stage (age 17 – 45) middle adult stage (age 40 – 65) late adulthood stage (age 60 – 85) late late adult stage (age 80 plus)

Answer 270

Age 30 transition - person establishes patterns appropriate for adult life Mid-life transition - transition from a perspective of "time since birth" to "time left to live" Age 50 transition - involves making changes associated with entering this decade of life

Answer 271

a person developing new knowledge based on a foundation of previous learning, and by interacting with objects and events in the environment. When applied to schooling, constructivists place emphasis on student, rather than teacher. The teacher is a facilitator who assists students to construct their own conceptualizations and solutions to problems

Answer 272

5 styles of leader behavior that fall on a continuum, ranging from autocratic (decisions made entirely by the leader) to complete participation (decisions made through consensus). Most effective style of leadership in any situation depends upon the importance of the decision, the time needed to reach the decision, and the extent to which the decision is accepted by the employees.

Answer 273

deals w ways in which leaders can help employees achieve their goals, using 1 of 4 styles: directive leadership, supportive leadership, participative leadership, and achievement-oriented leadership. The most effective leadership style is dependent on the subordinates and the situation.

Answer 274

The effectiveness of leadership style is based on the type of leader and the nature of the situation. Leaders classified as either task or relationship-oriented. A task-oriented leader is one who is most effective in highly favorable or highly unfavorable situations. A relationship-oriented leader is most effective in moderately favorable situations.

Answer 275

Focuses on impact of the leader-subordinate relationship on the leadership process. employees are classified as in-group (those who are viewed as competent and motivated), and out-group (considered incompetent and unmotivated). Leadership style is classified as 'supervisory,' which is based on formal authority, and 'leadership' in which the leader exerts influence through persuasion. Leaders use the 'leadership' approach with in-group subordinates, and use the 'supervisory' approach with out-group employees.

Answer 276

involves first forming a mental image of a walk through a certain physical location, such as a house. The person then forms a visual image of the words on a list, putting each in a specific place as he or she mentally walks through the house. For example, a person trying to recall a list of grocery items may initially picture bacon on the front door, bread in the kitchen, and meat in the dining room

Answer 277

involves first memorizing a set of ten visual images that can later be pegs on which to hang ideas, e.g., one is bun, two is shoe, three is tree. Then the person associates each image with what is to be remembered. For example, if the person is trying to remember a list of grocery items, he may associate soda with hamburger buns, or talcum powder with shoe, etc.

Answer 278

the person breaks down the word to be remembered into parts, and substitutes words that are more familiar and can be visualized. For example, a person who wants to memorize the word catabolize would break it into cat, a ball, eyes, and then form a visual image of these words.

Answer 279

A person who neither associates with persons from his or her own culture nor with persons from the majority culture

Answer 280

negative evaluations of one's behavior, excessive punishment and little reinforcement applied by oneself

Answer 281

adopting a negative view of one's self, the future, and the environment

Answer 282

Banding is a process whereby a range of scores obtained by numerous applicants on a test is essentially considered to be the same score. For example, on a test of mechanical aptitude, scores between 91 - 100 are considered to be equivalent for selection purposes.

Answer 283

Ps are concerned with the costs and benefits of being in a relationship. Each person considers the rewards from the interaction as well as the costs incurred in the interaction. When costs outweigh rewards, social attraction declines. Additionally, the person making a relationship choice is most likely to select a partner with the most favorable reward/cost ratio as compared with other available partners.

Answer 284

Construct validity, which includes both discriminant (divergent) and convergent validity Convergent validity determined by monotrait-heteromethod correlation coefficients (higher value = more convergent validity) Discriminant validity determined by heterotrait-monomethod and heterotrait-heteromethod

Answer 285

Severity of substance abuse and severity of psychiatric distress Other good predictors are motivation and coping skills

Answer 286

Proposes that an attitude or belief can be strengthened by exposing someone to the opposing belief -- especially when opposing argument is weak or the person is supplied with counter-arguments against the opposing belief

Answer 287

The two are positively correlated Most effective for whites. Negative effect on blacks and hispanic.

Answer 288

Germinal - 1st 2 weeks following conception Embyronic - 2-8 weeks. time when most vulnerable Fetus - 8 weeks to birth

Answer 289

comprised of the thalamus and hypothalamus

Answer 290

caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus

Answer 291

Inductive - reasoning from a particular fact to a general rule Deductive - reasoning from a general law to a particular case

Answer 292

States that social identity, the aspect of self-esteem based on group membership, is enhanced by believing one’s own group (the ingroup) is attractive and belittling the members of the other groups (the outgroups).

Answer 293

proposes individuals need and seek confirmation of their self-concept, whether the confirmation is positive or negative.

Answer 294

1) Crying 2) Cooing (vowel sounds) and babbling (repeats simple vowel and consonant sounds) 3) Echolalia and expressive jargon (sounds that resemble sentences but have no meaning). 4) Holophrastic speech 5) Telegraphic speech 6) Rapid growth of vocabulary (primarily between the ages of 30 months and three years). 7) Use of grammatically correct sentences. 8) Development of metalinguistic awareness

Answer 295

According to the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Federal Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures, business necessity and job relatedness are conditions that may permit the use of a selection or other employment procedure that results in an adverse impact

Answer 296

Values concerned w/ what is good and desirable and ethics refer to correct/appropriate practice. Values and ethics are related in that the latter are usually derived from the former; e.g., privacy is a value that is reflected in the ethical standard requiring psychologists to obtain clients' informed consent before releasing information about therapy

Answer 297

strategy that finds a solution by using the end point to suggest connections to the starting point. commonly used in systems of formal logic, is a

Answer 298

divides a problem into a series of sub-problems, with solution of the sub-problems then leading to a solution to the entire problem.

Answer 299

heuristic uses information easily remembered or observed and solutions are based on the most recent information that can be brought to mind

Answer 300

strategy that makes judgments only on the obvious characteristics of the problem, not requiring additional information and solves the problem based on the initial facts presented is

Answer 301

quality of life measure used to assess the impact of disease on both physical and emotional functioning. Its focus is on behavioral measures of daily living such as sleep, eating, social interactions, and emotional behaviors. however, it is NOT used to assess emotional or other subjective reactions to illness

Answer 302

eligible students after age eighteen and their parents have the right of access to their children's educational records and can challenge any content thereof. Also records that are no longer useful or relevant for the students or the educational institution are to be destroyed.

Answer 303

5 stages: 1. Conformity - One identifies w white culture, learns and assumes stereotypes and has no inkling to identify or learn about their own racial or ethnic heritage. 2. Dissonance -Encounter is catalyst for one to question white culture and begin an interest in one’s own racial or ethnic group 3. Resistance and Immersion - Individual withdrawals from white culture to delve into his or her own racial or ethnic exploration in the effort to define a new identity. 4. Introspection - Individual actively seeks to integrate the redefined identity into the dominant culture without compromising aspects of his or her own racial or ethnic identity 5. Synergistic Articulation and Awareness - Optimum identity; Individual is able to identify as they wish, appreciate other cultures including the dominant culture and balance all aspects of heritage

Answer 304

64% The correlation coefficient for a test and an identified factor is referred to as a factor loading. To obtain a measure of shared variability, the factor loading is squared (.80 squared = 64%)

Answer 305

proposes that a thought must precede any emotion or physiological arousal e.g., Walking through a dark park at night, you hear footsteps behind you. You think it may be a mugger so your breathing deepens and heart beats faster, at the same time you experience fear

Answer 306

``` maternal psychopathology low socioeconomic status severe marital discord large family size parental criminality placement of children outside the home ```

Answer 307

Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent, With Psychotic Features.

Answer 308

30% of cases - early alteration of embryonic development (e.g., Down's Syndrome, prenatal use of alcohol or drugs) 15-20% of cases - environmental influences and other mental disorders (e.g., deprivation of nurturance, severe mental disorders such as Autism) 10% - Pregnancy and perinatal problems (e.g., fetal malnutrition, hypoxia, trauma) 5% - Hereditary factors (e.g., Tay-Sachs Disease, fragile X syndrome) In about 30-40% of cases, no clear etiology for the disorder can be determined.

Answer 309

1st model that was non-pathologizing individuals go through a six-stage, non-age specific, process of homosexual identity development. ``` identity awareness (conscious of being different); identity comparison (believes may be homosexual, acts heterosexual) ``` identity tolerance (realizes is homosexual); identity acceptance (begins to explore gay community); identity pride (becomes active in gay community); synthesis (fully accepts self and others).

Answer 310

assumption of a stable, core sexual orientation which, at least in the final stages, excludes bisexual or transgender identity development; and the cross-cultural applicability of the developmental models.

Answer 311

first awareness, testing and exploration, identity acceptance, and commitment

Answer 312

prohibition; ambivalence/practicing or compulsion/exploration; and consolidation/integration

Answer 313

depression due to a deficiency of norepinephrine, one of the major catecholamine systems in the brain.

Answer 314

Reuptake inhibitor that acts on norepinephrine in the same way that antidepressants act on serotonin, non-stimulant, but has similar side effects as other medications used for AD/HD. It does not start working as quickly as the stimulants do. Reports suggest that the full effects are often not seen until the person has been taking atomoxetine regularly for 3 or 4 weeks

Answer 315

Parkinsonism, acute dystonia, dyskinesia and akathisia.

Answer 316

Kinetic - depth cues are based on movements of objects in the environment or the body. Babies as young as 3 weeks begin perceiving kinetic cues. Binocular depth perception begins between 2 and 3 months. Pictorial depth cues - used by artists to make paintings look three-dimensional, begins to develop at about 7 months of age

Answer 317

Would need to discuss reasons patient wants to see another therapist Ethics code states that “In deciding whether to offer or provide services to those already receiving mental health services elsewhere, psychologists carefully consider the treatment issues and the potential client's/patient's welfare. Psychologists discuss these issues with the client/patient or another legally authorized person on behalf of the client/patient in order to minimize the risk of confusion and conflict, consult with the other service providers when appropriate, and proceed with caution and sensitivity to the therapeutic issues."

Answer 318

“positive symptoms,” such as delusions, hallucinations and thought disorder, usually respond better than the “negative symptoms” to antipsychotic treatment

Answer 319

0 to 13 - minimal depression. 14-19 - mild depression 20-28 - moderate depression 29 or higher - severe depression.

Answer 320

phenomenon in clinical supervision where the therapist in training behaves toward the supervising therapist in ways that mirror how the client is behaving toward the therapist in training.

Answer 321

tendency to overestimate the association between variables that are uncorrelated or only slightly correlated e.g., A man says that if he goes to watch his favorite baseball team play, his team will lose, despite the team's excellent record.

Answer 322

lays out administrative, physical, and technical safeguards of Protected Health Information which is stored in electronic form.

Answer 323

self-directed; i.e., determine own goals, plan their own work processes, and may hire their own replacements. members are generalists (versus specialists), and each member has (or learns) a broad range of skills. possible downside - associated with higher absenteeism than more traditional work groups.

Answer 324

A pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months as evidenced and exhibited during interaction with at least one individual who is not a sibling symptoms are almost invariably present in the home setting and in interactions with adults or peers whom the individual knows well. They may not be apparent in school or community settings or in interactions with people the individual does not know that well. For this reason, symptoms of the disorder are often not present during the initial clinical examination.

Answer 325

attempt to increase reliability by reducing systematic or method error through a strategy in which the researcher employs multiple methods of measurement (e.g., observation, survey, archival data).

Answer 326

used to measure inter-rater reliability for two or more raters and may also be used to assess test-retest reliability. ICC may be conceptualized as the ratio of between-groups variance to total variance

Answer 327

the shape of a sampling distribution of means approaches normality as sample size increases.

Answer 328

reluctance to provide negative feedback to anothe

Answer 329

interpersonal learning - gives members an opportunity to learn valuable interpersonal skills catharsis -group members are able to openly express their feelings in front of other members group cohesiveness - group members feel a sense of cohesiveness and friendliness with other group members *importance of these factors is relative. Higher functioning group participants rate interpersonal learning and universality as more important. Lower functioning clients rate the instillation of hope as most important.

Answer 330

organizational philosophy that focuses on maximizing customer service and satisfaction. An important characteristic of TQM is its involvement of employees in all aspects of decision-making, and failures are often due to management's unwillingness to do this

Answer 331

similar to the fundamental attribution error; it refers to the tendency to attribute one's own behavior to situational factors and the behavior of others to dispositional factors.

Answer 332

1) absorption, whereby the individual is completely engrossed in a central experience 2) dissociation, whereby the ordinary functioning of consciousness and memory are altered in some way 3) suggestibility, whereby individuals have a tendency to be less inhibited and restricted while in the trance-like state.

Answer 333

extinction of responding to one cue results in an increase in responding to the other

Answer 334

when two CSs are presented simultaneously and followed by an UCS, the more salient CS is more strongly conditioned than the less salient

Answer 335

two CSs are presented simultaneously and the more salient CS enhances the conditioning of the less salient CS

Answer 336

a conditioned response to the second stimulus is reduced. Two CSs are simultaneously paired with an UCS and then only one of those CSs continues to be paired with the UCS.

Answer 337

failure of the defensive function of the ego

Answer 338

a narcissistic injury in early life

Answer 339

denial of negative impulses

Answer 340

primitive fantasies of aggression

Answer 341

psychodynamic therapy, involves interest in defenses and transferences. Associated with Melanie Klein amongst others incorporates traditional psychodynamic strategies such as the influence of unconscious processes underlying an individual’s relationships, and identifying and interpreting defenses against anxiety and transferences

Answer 342

combines cognitive, behavioral, and humanistic concepts. It emphasizes the effect of the individual’s perspective on his/her experience of the world developed by George Kelly

Answer 343

developed by Steve de Shazer and other strategic family therapists focuses on the here-and-now and identifying solutions to problems Miracle question - magic wand q Exception - time when didn't have a problem? Scaling - feel last week, motivated scale 1-10 Initial sess - identify goals, all the above, task Subsequent sess - what's better? and repeat

Answer 344

differentiation - level of definition/distinctness of a profile and can be thought of as difference bw highest and lowest summary scale score high-profile elevation - sum of the six section scores on the instrument scale developed by Holland (1997)

Answer 345

“midbrain”, divided into two regions: the tectum and the tegmentum tectum - inferior and superior colliculus tegmentum - red nucleus, substantia nigra, and reticular formation

Answer 346

part of the forebrain includes thalamus and hypothalamus

Answer 347

also known as the cerebrum, includes the cerebral cortex and several subcortical structures including the hippocampus and basal ganglia

Answer 348

unfreezing, changing and refreezing

Answer 349

atypical symptoms such as carbohydrate craving and hypersomnia a clear onset period with complete remission in the spring and summer months

Answer 350

involves focusing on the intrinsic distinctions that are meaningful to members of a particular culture or society.

Answer 351

involves focusing on extrinsic distinctions that have meaning for the observer of the culture or society.

Answer 352

refers to changing or adapting to the environment by effecting changes in the environment

Answer 353

refers to changing or adapting to the environment by altering one’s own behaviors or response

Answer 354

People progress through 3 broad stages: absolutist, relativist and dialectical. absolutist reasoning - assumes there is always a single, clear answer to a given problem relativist reasoning - individual has become aware that there are often different perspectives on any given issue, and that the ‘correct’ answer may depend on the context dialectical reasoning in which competing positions are integrated and synthesis achieved

Answer 355

24 months for adults 12 months for children and adolescents

Answer 356

Susceptibility to misinformation is inversely related to the ability to notice discrepancies. Therefore, if an individual is aware that post-event information may not be correct then the probability of the misinformation effect is reduced. Warning individuals before they receive post-event information that it might be inaccurate or misleading, increases vigilance and the likelihood that discrepancies between actual and suggested events will be spotted

Answer 357

greater passage of time lowers discrepancy detection ability / impairing effect of misleading information gets stronger over time longer retention times, which decrease memory performance timing of reporting/testing, individuals misled immediately before being tested tend to perform worse than those misled immediately after witnessing the event Age is also associated with varying susceptibility to misinformation with young children more susceptible than older children and adults and the elderly more susceptible than are younger adults

Answer 358

Golfer B According to Locke's 1970 goal-setting theory, goals serve two purposes–they are a basis for motivation and they direct behavior. Goal attainment is maximized when goals are specific and moderately difficult and when frequent feedback about progress toward goal achievement is provided

Answer 359

High group cohesiveness is associated w higher productivity when management is supportive of the group. High group cohesiveness is associated w lower productive when management is unsupportive or hostile

Answer 360

marry at a younger age, have a lower level of education, had a child when she got married, have a lower income or live in a community with low family income, or have no religious

Answer 361

Newer research suggests children as young as age four lie intentionally, most often to avoid punishment or obtain a reward Piaget had thought not until 7 or 8 years old

Answer 362

older age, lower IQ, and the presence of somatic symptoms of depression are associated with a more rapid progression from HIV infection to AIDS, HIV-related dementia, and death.

Answer 363

the presentation in children is more likely to involve the prominence of somatic complaints, irritability, and social withdrawal; in adults, psychomotor retardation, hypersomnia, and delusions are more common. However, core crtieria are the same in both

Answer 364

A parent with depression Also places children at greater risk of Conduct Disorder, ADHD, Anxiety Disorders, Substance Abuse, poor social functioning, school problems, and (later in life) Bipolar Disorder

Answer 365

individual, family, and community Specifically, positive individual personality in the child, a supportive family, and at least one supportive community agency such as a school or church. Examples: Individual: social competence, positive sense of self, easygoing, good problem-solving skills Family: authoritative parents who are warm and firm, parents who provide clear expectations, parents invested in their child's education Community: specific role model in community agency connected to child, good schools, supportive friends and neighbors, well delineated community.

Answer 366

AKA index cases the individuals who are first brought to the attention of the researcher – i.e., individuals manifesting the characteristic of interest or disease (e.g., ADHD patients in a research study about ADHD)

Answer 367

Highly effective short and long-term

Answer 368

Highly effective short and long-term

Answer 369

Relatively poor tx response in the short- and long-term

Answer 370

poor treatment response in the short-term and long-term

Answer 371

helping individuals not ready to give up substances lead safer lives approach that active substance users must be met “where they are” in terms of their needs and personal goals in treat

Answer 372

some evidence that interviewers place less importance on interview information when biodata is not very favorable and more importance when it is supportive of a hiring decision. Apparently, a good interview cannot make up for a bad history, but a good history can be supported or canceled out by the results of the interview

Answer 373

No regardless of whether the examinee is an adult or a minor, in a court-ordered evaluation, it is not necessary to obtain informed consent. However, the subject of an evaluation should always be informed of the purpose, methods, and intended use of the evaluation

Answer 374

``` fluoxetine (Prozac) sertraline (Zoloft) paroxetine (Paxil) Citalopram (Celexa) Escitalopram (Lexapro) ```

Answer 375

``` amitriptyline (Elavil), clomipramine (Anafranil), doxepin (Sinequan), imipramine (Tofranil), trimipramine (Surmontil), amoxapine (Amoxapine Tablets), desipramine (Norpramin), nortriptyline (Pamelor, Aventyl), and protriptyline (Vivactil). ```

Answer 376

belief that one is always “on stage” adolescent egocentrism, based on the belief that others are as preoccupied with their appearance and behavior as they are, consequently results in their anticipating other’s thoughts and responses about them, and then constantly creating or reacting to an imaginary audience

Answer 377

belief that one is unique and invulnerable. contributes to adolescent’s renewed egocentrism. T

Answer 378

The rational-economic model deals with how decisions should be made. It assumes the decision-maker is completely rational, has access to and seeks all information relevant to the decision, considers all possible alternatives, and makes the best possible choice. The administrative model deals with how decisions are actually made. It assumes that, due to limited cognitive and external resources, decision-makers simplify problems, work with a limited range of options and alternatives, and employ "satisficing", or seeking the solution that meets minimally acceptable criteria, as opposed to an optimal solution.

Answer 379

Focusing solely on a detail One of Beck's cognitive distortions

Answer 380

negative affect according to Marlatt, nearly 75% of all relapses are due to negative affects, interpersonal conflict, and social pressure

Answer 381

There is no one correct leadership style across situations; depending on the situation, the leader must respond with the correct task and relationship behavior or orientation. Leadership behaviors are classified as either high or low in task orientation or relationship orientation, resulting in four possible leadership styles. The correct style depends on the maturity level of subordinates. At the lowest maturity levels, where followers cannot do the job and are unwilling or afraid to try, the leader should adopt a high task/low relationship style called Telling / Directing. At the next lowest level, followers have variable competence, and are willing to do the job; the appropriate leadership orientation in this case is high task/high relationship, or Selling / Coaching. Workers at the second highest developmental level can do the job but are uncommitted or unmotivated; here, a low task/high relationship style, Participating / Supporting, is recommended. Finally, the least directive style of leadership, the low task/low relationship oriented style called Delegating / Observing, is recommended for workers at the highest maturity levels - those who are competent and motivated to perform.

Answer 382

identifying data, dates and types of service, fees, any release of information obtained, any assessment, plan for intervention, consultation, summary reports, and/or testing reports.

Answer 383

education, rehearsal, and real-life application

Answer 384

The Acute Distress stage immediately follows the assault and is associated with an acute reaction taking the form of shock, disbelief, and dismay. Two styles of responding to the assault include an Expressive style (crying, sobbing, shaking, restlessness, tenseness), and a Controlled style (appearing calm, subdued, numb). The Outward Adjustment stage is characterized by denial, suppression or rationalization The Integration stage, which can overlap the others, is the long-term response of striving to come to terms with the assault

Answer 385

the learning of new behaviors or the altering of existing behaviors by imagining scenes of others interacting with the environment

Answer 386

1. intergroup contact is frequent and of a duration that allows for meaningful relationships to develop 2. the 2 groups have equal status 3. the 2 groups are working towards common goals based on co-operation and social and institutional support is given If conditions not met, contact may actually increase prejudice!

Answer 387

Involves asking questions that highlight differences among family members or define relationships between them (e.g., therapist asks a father to describe the relationship between the mother and her son) Tech. designed to provide information about family processes to the therapist and other family members, to get family members to see problems from different perspectives, to lead to further exploration, and to form the basis for further circular questioning. Particularly associated with the Milan Systemic School of family therapy

Answer 388

1 in 100 Males - bw 18 to 25 years Females - be 25 to mid-30s Bimodal age of onset for women - second peak occurring later in life (3-10% have onset after 40)

Answer 389

excessive attention-seeking, reactivity and emotionality

Answer 390

Dawis and Lofquist’s (1964) model of career development an individual is best suited for positions that have matching demands and rewards to his/her individual characteristics

Answer 391

Satisfaction - refers to a worker’s satisfaction with the job. This is established by the degree to which the worker’s needs are satisfied by the provided rewards of the job. Satisfactoriness - refers to the organization or employer’s satisfaction with the worker. For example, how well the worker’s skills fulfill the requirements of the job and is able to perform the job.

Answer 392

Gilbert Wrenn (1962) Refers to when a therapist defines reality according to one set of cultural assumptions, becomes insensitive to cultural variations, disregards evidence disproving their assumptions, depends on technique-oriented or quick-fix solutions to problems and judges others from their own self-reference criteria.

Answer 393

refers to the assumption that Western concepts of normality and abnormality can be considered universal and equally applicable across all cultures

Answer 394

component in Kahneman and Tversky's prospect theory refers to tendency to base decisions more heavily on the fear of loss than the hope of gain. E.g., if you heard from a friend that his mechanic did a good job fixing his car but another friend told you that the same mechanic did a poor job fixing his car, you would be less likely to risk using that mechanic.

Answer 395

occurs when a group makes a decision that is riskier than would have been made by the members individually

Answer 396

statistical technique used to determine the trend or shape that best describes the relationship between two variables. Involves collecting data on two variables and running statistical analyses to determine what trend or trends (e.g., linear, U-shaped) are significant. E.g., in studying the relationship between arousal and performance, one could study 100 students and collect data on how aroused they are and how well they perform. Then, one could run a separate analysis for different types of trends and see which receives the strongest support

Answer 397

Sexual prejudice Herek suggests that "sexual prejudice" is a more appropriate term than "homophobia" – which refers to heterosexuals' dread of being in close quarters with homosexuals and homosexuals' self-loathing.

Answer 398

obtain a pattern that’s easier to interpret since the pattern of factor loadings in the initial factor matrix is often difficult to interpret. Rotation alters the magnitude of the factor loadings but not the magnitude of the communalities and does not reduce the effects of measurement error

Answer 399

technique when at least one independent variable is a between-groups variable and another independent variable is a within-subjects variable

Answer 400

Native American and African American Of the reported cases of child abuse, 50% are White; 25% are African American; 15% are Hispanic; 2% are Native American; and 1% are Asian/Pacific Islanders. However, the proportions of child abuse victims who are Native American or African American are two times greater than the proportions of these children in the general population

Answer 401

Suggests that a therapist's ability to communicate effectively with a client is influenced by his/her ability to identify and work with the client's preferred sensory mode E.g., if a client prefers a visual mode, the therapist should use terms such as "I see," if a client prefers an auditory mode, the therapist should use expressions such as "I hear you."

Answer 402

States we engage in prosocial behavior to relieve our own state of emotional distress at another's plight.

Answer 403

Proposes that the brain avoids extremes of emotional experience by counteracting a strong positive or negative emotion with an opposite or opponent emotional response. Shown to be associated with characteristic changes in affective experience that occur over time, and the dynamics of affective response to such stimuli as horror movies, skydiving and addiction

Answer 404

logic error that occurs when trying to prove causation, levels of data are mismatched and statistics are applied at one level to infer to data of another level.

Answer 405

Worldviews Sue and Sue state that individuals are products of cultural conditioning with their worldviews, or values and beliefs, representing an “invisible veil” which operates outside the level of conscious awareness. The resulting assumption is that everyone shares the same reality and truth regardless of race, culture, ethnicity, or gender. This assumption of universality is erroneous yet seldom questioned due to being firmly ingrained in one’s worldview, and often results in people operating on misinformation

Answer 406

The slope of a regression line for a test is directly related to the test’s criterion-related validity: The steeper the slope, the greater the validity. A test has differential validity when it has different validity coefficients for different groups, which is what is suggested by different regression line slopes in a scatterplot

Answer 407

Emotional rxn to a situation follows a cognitive assessment of the situation. 3 types of appraisal: primary - one’s perception of the situation (i.e., positive, negative, or irrelevant) Secondary - assessment of resources available to deal with the situation Re-appraisal - watching the situation and changing the other types of appraisals as necessary

Answer 408

Huntington's, Parkinson's, and anxiety

Answer 409

difficulty is indicated by the position on the curve the steeper the slope of the item response curve, the better its ability to discriminate between examinees who are high and low on the characteristic being measure

Answer 410

A delusion of reference is one in which the person believes that objects or events in the immediate environment have an unusual and particular significance to him or her

Answer 411

Depends on state laws. Some states have laws that prohibit practitioners from notifying the partners of HIV/AIDS clients, and some state laws require practitioners to inform the partners.

Answer 412

useful for determining what exact sequences of treatment will be administered to the different participant groups If the number of participants is too small to permit the use of a completely counterbalanced research design, then researchers may use a type of partial counterbalancing like the Latin square design

Answer 413

used to evaluate the effects of pretesting on internal and external validity.

Answer 414

awareness, knowledge, and skills "Awareness" refers to awareness of one's own beliefs, values, and stereotypes. "Knowledge" refers to knowledge of the worldviews of clients with different cultural backgrounds. And "skills" refers to the skills that are most appropriate for clients with different cultural backgrounds

Answer 415

Parent and child, especially the mother-son and father-son relationships

Answer 416

Type 1 - symptoms of delusions or hallucinations, inappropriate affect, and disorganized thinking. It is also thought to more likely be due to neurotransmitter irregularities Type 2 - considered to be more likely due to brain structure abnormalities, associated w poorer prognosis, earlier age of onset, and less likely to respond to antipsychotics

Answer 417

similarities in the learning and performance environments ("identical elements") resulted in better transfer

Answer 418

Based on assumption that a person avoids a certain behavior because of the anticipatory anxiety the behavior arouses. When a person deliberately engages in the behavior, a condition of incompatibility is set up and this condition serves to eliminate the anticipatory anxiety. The idea is that engaging in the behavior (or a wish to engage in the behavior) is incompatible with fear of that behavior and, consequently, the fear is neutralized. E.g., therapist instructs patient to engage in anxiety-arousing behavior as often as possible

Answer 419

Split-half reliability - splitting a test in two and correlating the two halves with each other Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 (for dichotomously scored items) Cronbach's coefficient alpha (for multiple-scored items

Answer 420

Pooled variance is the weighted average variance for each group. They are "weighted" based on the number of subjects in each group. Use of a pooled variance assumes that the population variances are approximately the same, even though the sample variances differ.

Answer 421

Measure of within-group variance -- the degree to which subjects within the same experimental group differ from each other. MSW is the denominator of the F ratio, and is referred to as the error term. The larger the magnitude of MSW, the less likely the F ratio will be significant

Answer 422

``` O - open-ended questions A - affirmations R - reflective listening S - summarizing and "eliciting change talk" ```

Answer 423

Rejection is more stable. For example, when rejected and neglected change schools, neglected children may experience improvements in their peer status, while rejected children continue to be rejected by the new peer group.

Answer 424

Attributions can be due to factors that are either internal or external, stable or unstable, controllable or uncontrollable, intentional or unintentional, and global or specific. Someone with high self-esteem would take credit for achievements and be proud of them. Thus, they would likely attribute them to internal, stable, controllable, intentional, and specific causes. The attributions are most likely specific rather than global because a person with high self-esteem will acknowledge that he or she isn't successful in everything. For example, a very successful athlete or CEO would not assume proficiency in brain surgery.

Answer 425

A subpoena to produce records or documents (known as a subpoena duces tecum) requires a person to appear at a designated time and place with a copy of the records. Not necessarily required to release records - this is a matter for the court to decide, following a hearing on privilege, if the issue of privilege is being contested. If your client has waived the privilege, however, you would release the records to the court at the time of your appearance.

Answer 426

No. This is unethical (and illegal) because it constitutes insurance fraud -- the insurance company thinks it's paying for a portion of the client's treatment when it is really paying for the whole thing. Of course, it would not be unethical if you told the insurance company what you were doing. However, most if not all insurance companies would not accept such an arrangement; instead, the company would lower its own contribution to the fee.

Answer 427

A genogram, as Bowen described, is a schematic diagram of the family’s relationships used to identify behavior patterns that recur in the family and usually includes at least three generations. An "ecomap" is similar but instead examines interactions between a family and its environment

Answer 428

white - 75 + blacks - 25 to 44 years

Answer 429

also referred to as galvanic skin response training (GSR), measures skin surface changes, giving feedback on the relation between emotional state and the activity of the sympathetic system via sweat gland activity, and is utilized for stress and hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating)

Answer 430

measures impulses in the muscles and indicates the degree of relaxation or contraction/tension. It is commonly used for conditions such as stress, tension headaches, chronic pain, muscle stiffness, incontinence, urinary urgency and frequency, and when muscles are healing

Answer 431

provides information on brainwave activity and patterns. It is often used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, and epilepsy to improve attention, reduce impulsivity and promote recovery from head injuries and stroke

Answer 432

monitors heart rate and cardiac reactivity from sensors placed on a person’s fingers or wrist. It is useful for managing stress, high blood pressure, anxiety, and heartbeat irregularities.

Answer 433

remarriage and the corresponding family structural changes negatively impact early adolescent girls more than early adolescent boys in general, early adolescence is not a good time for a custodial parent to remarry. Adolescents, both boys and girls, display more difficulty adjusting to this new situation on the average than young children.

Answer 434

pituitary gland

Answer 435

estrogen, androgen

Answer 436

randomly selecting a naturally-occurring group of subjects from a larger target population. e.g. if a researcher wants to use elementary school students in an educational study, he or she could randomly choose a school from the schools in his state, and use all the students in that school as participants in the study. (multistage cluster sampling = select a large cluster group and then select selectively smaller clusters. E.g, the researcher randomly selects a school district, then randomly select a school from the chosen school district, and then randomly select a classroom from the chosen school)

Answer 437

negative effects of divorce on school performance are worse for boy's than for girls more negative effects for older than younger children

Answer 438

WDEP questioning framework W - exploring client’s wants and perceptions D - direction or what client is doing (acting, thinking, feeling, physiology) to get what they want E - evaluate whether client’s behavior is getting him/her closer or further from goal P- planning or creating and implementing a workable plan to make positive changes. Other techniques used include role playing, use of humor, confronting the client, and helping the client formulate plans

Answer 439

Stage 1 - develops bw 3-4 years, children can begin to describe ethnicity in terms of physical traits (e.g. skin color, clothes, physical features) Stage 2 - bw 5-9 years, children can accurately apply ethnic labels to themselves and others. Stage 3 - from 7-12 years, children express a social perspective of ethnicity, including prejudice. Stage 4 - bw 10-15 years, children begin to immerse themselves into their ethnic group.

Answer 440

In a centralized communication network, all communication goes through one person (usually the person in charge). This type of network is most effective when the problem or task is easy; i.e., it does not require a lot of communication among workers to be resolved or accomplished. Decentralized network better when task is complex

Answer 441

sexual misconduct

Answer 442

Institutional racism refers to denial or restriction of material conditions (e.g., access to health care) and access to power to members of minority groups. Internalized racism refers to an “acceptance by members of the stigmatized races of negative messages about their own abilities and intrinsic worth.” Personally mediated racism refers to prejudice and discrimination at the individual level.

Answer 443

condition, caused by a psychological trauma, in which individuals are unable to remember significant events in their lives, i.e., autobiographical information

Answer 444

females have more general anxiety than males no differences in social anxiety for males vs females

Answer 445

method to determine return on investment of a training program quantitative method that estimates the dollar value of benefits generated by an intervention based on the improvement it produces in worker productivity. Provides management with information that can be used to evaluate the financial impact of an intervention, including computing a return on their investment in implementing it.

Answer 446

compulsive symptoms are more pronounced and obsessive symptoms may be different or not reported by young children Research indicates early childhood onset is associated w: compulsions onset 1-2 years before the onset of obsessions; male preponderance, higher rate of comorbid diagnoses, especially tic disorders, a greater familial loading for OCD, higher frequencies of repeating compulsions and higher frequencies of hoarding obsessions and compulsions

Answer 447

Rare genetic neurological disorder that occurs almost exclusively in girls and leads to severe impairments, including language, walking, eat, and even breathe easily. The hallmark of Rett syndrome is near constant repetitive hand movements. Rett syndrome is usually recognized in children between 6 to 18 months as they begin to miss developmental milestones or lose abilities they had gained. Rett syndrome is caused by mutations on the X chromosome on a gene called MECP2.

Answer 448

No informed consent requirement states that psychologists must inform research participants about "reasonably foreseeable factors that may be expected to influence their willingness to participate" and "incentives for participation." Therefore, deceiving subjects about how much they will be paid for research participation is unethical.

Answer 449

Argues that the present system represents a gendered division of labor and that changes in gender relations will only occur when men and women are equally responsible for child rearing Uses the principles of object relations theory to show that girls are taught to stay attached to their same sex mother while boys are taught to differentiate from their mothers.

Answer 450

occurs when grammatical rules are overextended (e.g., Saying "go-ed" instead of "went", "foots" instead of feet, and "runned" instead of "ran")

Answer 451

insecure/avoidant attachment babies with this type of pattern often have mothers who are either very impatient and nonresponsive, or alternatively overstimulating.

Answer 452

internalized images of significant others from the past, Object relations therapy interested in how introjects affect our current relationships and functioning.

Answer 453

Integrates elements of cognitive-behavioral, attachment, Gestalt, object relations, constructivist, and psychoanalytic therapy to treat chronic characterological aspects of disorders by addressing the core psychological themes typical of individuals with characterological disorders (I.e., “early maladaptive schemas”) Therapist uses cognitive, affective, behavioral, and interpersonal strategies including: exploring the therapist–client relationship, maladaptive coping styles and using emotive techniques. When clients repeat dysfunctional schema-based patterns, the therapist confronts them empathically with reasons for change and supplies a partial antidote to needs that were not adequately met in childhood. = “limited reparenting”

Answer 454

10-20% Majority of women experience some degree of depression after childbirth but some will develop major dep

Answer 455

proposes that FOCUSED visual attention is required for perception of an object to occur

Answer 456

Rare, but serious and potentially lethal syndrome that can result from the use of any neuroleptic or antipsychotic drugs (haloperidol and fluphenazine are more frequently associated with NMS) clozapine (Clozaril), risperidone (Risperdal), prochlorperazine (Compazine), promethazine (Phenergan), as well as non-neuroleptic agents such as metoclopramide (Reglan), amoxapine (Ascendin), and lithium have also been associated Commonly develops within the first 2 weeks of tx but can also develop any time during drug therapy. Can also occur with abrupt discontinuation of anti-Parkinsonism drugs Intensive care is needed, with the neuroleptic or antipsychotic drug discontinued and the fever treated aggressively. A muscle relaxant may also be prescribed. Symptoms usually remit within a month of discontinued use.

Answer 457

Court-ordered - don't need to get consent but should inform clients about nature of eval and limits of confidentiality Court-referred - still need to get informed consent. Pt could technically decline and take jail time or some other consequence

Answer 458

Arranges in a non-hierarchal manner, items that describe performance as either good, average, or poor and then the rater rates whether the individual performs better, equal to, or worse (+, 0, -) than the behavior described in the item. Items are arranged in a way, which supposedly helps reduce rater biases and halo and leniency biases

Answer 459

model for evaluating training and learning programs that includes 4 levels: reaction, learning, behavior and result. Level 1 evaluations focus on the individual’s response to the training or intervention Level 2 measures what has been learned, often using pre/post-tests or end-of-course tests. Level 3 evaluations assess the impact of the intervention on the individual’s behavior or performance in the workplace Level 4 measure the impact of training on the organization’s results

Answer 460

transvestism, transsexualism, pedophilia, exhibitionism, voyeurism, gender identity disorders not resulting from physical impairments, or other sexual behavior disorders, compulsive gambling, kleptomania, pyromania, and psychoactive substance use disorders resulting from current illegal use of drugs.

Answer 461

Intelligence comprised of convergent and divergent thinking

Answer 462

Both involve administering a series of predictor measures to prospective applicants where the examinee must succeed on all predictors in order to be selected. In multiple hurdle, predictors are administered in a successive order. If the applicant fails on any predictor, he or she no longer completes subsequent ones. In multiple cut-off, examinees usually take all the predictors and the predictors are not necessarily administered in any particular order.

Answer 463

five types of decision-makers based on how much information is considered and how many alternative solutions are sought. Decisive - fast, efficient, and relies on a minimal amount of information (i.e., a satisficer) and a single solution. Flexible decision-maker - moves fast and is a satisficer, but is willing to adapt and change solutions if indicated. Hierarchics - rely on a lot of information (i.e., are maximizers) but stay rigidly focused on a single solution. Integrative decision-maker - relies on a lot of information (i.e., a maximizer) but pursues multiple solutions. Systemics - keep their eyes on the "big picture," rely on maximum information (i.e., a maximizer), and develop a prioritized set of strategies for dealing with a situation, rather than a single solution or a collection of alternative plans

Answer 464

Low-ability students tend to benefit more than high-ability students because it gives them an opportunity for individualized instruction and decreases judgment from, and competition with, higher-ability students. Also associated with reducing students’ fears of computers through familiarity of use, improving standardized achievement test scores, and facilitating sharing or increasing social interactions

Answer 465

provide criteria for the evaluation of tests, testing practices, and the effects of test use.

Answer 466

Corresponds to explained variance of one of the factors A large eigenvalue would mean that a particular factor accounts for a large proportion of the variance among the variables.

Answer 467

organizational management philosophy that advocate individual responsibility, consensual-decision making, slow promotion, and holistic knowledge of the organization represents a middle ground approach - emphasizing long-term employment versus short-term or lifelong and a moderately specialized career path instead of specialized or nonspecialized. incorporates aspects from traditional American (Theory A) and Japanese (Theory J) management philosophies.

Answer 468

Hyperactivity, depression, anxiety, self-blame, aggression, and social withdrawal are common, and so are symptoms of PTSD itself, such as low frustration tolerance and outbursts of anger

Answer 469

relationship bw personal factors or cognitions, behavior and the environment take turns influencing or being influenced by each other E.g., Aggressive thoughts result in aggressive behavior, which in turn has the effect of causing others to have aggressive thoughts

Answer 470

states how an athlete's interpretation of their own intensity levels, whether as positive or negative, influences performance. The theory also suggests for successful performances to occur, athletes must view their own intensity level as positive and that perceptions of intensity are dynamic and constantly changing throughout the course performance.

Answer 471

COMPETENCIES, not necessarily abilities more specifically - functional abilities...

Answer 472

work performance and counterproductive work behavior organizational citizenship behaviors

Answer 473

Assesses temporal orientation primarily, was developed to serially evaluate cognition during the subacute stage of recovery from closed head injury. The scale measures orientation to person, place, and time, and memory for events preceding and following the injury

Answer 474

typically begin with uncontrollable twitching of a small part of the body, for example, one finger, which may start to jerk, followed by jerking of the entire arm and then the rest of that side of the body, and may lead to jerking of the entire body. Although it can eventually affect the entire body, it is referred to as a "partial" seizure because of how it initially developed. This is sometimes called "partial seizure with secondary generalization." "simple partial seizures," - no alteration of consciousness "complex partial seizures," involve alter consciousness.

Answer 475

occurs when a person perceives the recovery of information from memory as being an original idea of their own.

Answer 476

fit the job to the worker examine the factors making up the job and how these impact the worker. The job elements, from such things as the illumination in the plant to the work rate, are manipulated to maximize the productive work of the employee. designs the most productive environment for the worker hired.

Answer 477

six-phase process including: 1. diagnosis - rxn of shock, fear, denial, and relief 2. post-diagnosis turning point - social interaction or a “catalyst experience.” 3. immersion - become immersed in HIV/AIDS community; the HIV/AIDS identity is central and they educate others 4. post-immersion turning point - revaluation of priorities 5. integration - decentralizing (internal experience of the HIV/AIDS identity) and balancing, such as engaging in activities unrelated to HIV/AIDS 6. disclosure - woven throughout process however initially individuals only told sig others, then made public disclosures, and finally made situational disclosures on a need-to-know basis

Answer 478

divides general intelligence into two components: fluid intelligence - person's adaptability and flexibility in solving novel problems by drawing inferences and understanding relationships between concepts, independent of acquired knowledge. Crystallized intelligence - ability to use skills and knowledge established from the result of earlier development and learning; it includes skills such as vocabulary usage, general knowledge, and accessing knowledge from long-term memory.

Answer 479

cognitive distortion when one draws a specific conclusion without supporting evidence, or even in the face of contradictory evidence.

Answer 480

According to operant conditioning, chaining is how complex behaviors made up of a sequence of simpler behaviors are developed. Each response serves as reinforcement for the previous behavior and a discriminant stimulus for the next behavior on the chain.

Answer 481

proposes when an animal's normal response rate (e.g., eating food) is restricted (e.g., by food deprivation), that behavior becomes more preferred and therefore reinforcing

Answer 482

aka probability-differential theory claims that an activity will have reinforcing properties when its probability of occurrence is greater than that of the behavior it is intended to reinforce

Answer 483

occupation satisfaction

Answer 484

seroconversion

Answer 485

Pps in crisis tend to follow a predictable sequence of response Key goal is to help individuals learn more effective coping so that they can respond more adaptively when having similar experiences in the future. Strategies often include grief work; active listening; encouraging the open expression of feelings; increasing understanding of the crisis; promoting greater acceptance of reality; exploring constructive ways of coping; linkage to a social network; decision counseling; and reinforcement of newly learned coping behaviors.

Answer 486

used to rate how serious a mental illness may be on a scale of 0-100 Lower scores indicate greater severity the presence of suicidal ideation) or any serious impairment in social, occupational, or school functioning indicates a GAF score of approximately 40 - 50

Answer 487

acronym BASIC ID = 7 areas of client’s life or categories of interrelated aspects of personality which need to be addressed: ``` Behavior Affect or affective response Sensation Imagery Cognition ``` Interpersonal relationships D need for drugs or other biological functioning. Clinicians tailor tx to meet individual client’s needs (i.e., different relationship styles, individual, couples or group therapy) holding that “the correct method delivered within and geared to the context of the client's interpersonal expectancies, will augment treatment adherence and enhance therapeutic outcomes.”

Answer 488

tendency to rate all using the low end of the rating scale

Answer 489

best lower

Answer 490

1) naming the problem, which encourages focus, precision, and control 2) externalizing the problem -involves framing problem as having an effect on, rather than being within, the person (e.g., "depression invaded your life"), the goal being to separate the problem from the person's identity 3) relative influence questioning -contrast the effect the problem has had on the p's life w/ the effect that the person's life has had on the problem (i.e., the control over the problem the person has had) 4) deconstructing unique outcomes, whereby the therapist encourages the person to focus and expand on experiences that are not consistent with a problem-saturated narrative 5) outsider witness - third party is brought into the therapy session and the person tells this witness his revised or developing life narrative

Answer 491

positive effects on supervisor ratings of employee performance and employee overall job satisfaction no effect on actual job performance

Answer 492

contingency coefficient spearman rho

Answer 493

Prader-Willi syndrome and cru-du-chat

Answer 494

teacher and students take turns leading a dialogue. This approach encourages students to stretch beyond the role of simply answering questions. influenced by Vygotsky's work

Answer 495

Two or more of: delusions, hallucinations, disorg speech, disor or catatonic behavios, negative sz decreased functioning sx persist for at least 6 months No major depressive or manic episodes have occurred concurrently w active phase sx (or if have been present, it is minor)

Answer 496

Major mood episode (dep or manic) concurrent with Criterion A of schizophrenia Mood episodes are present the majority of active and residual portions of illness Delusions or hallucinations for 2 or more weeks in the absence of major mood episode during lifetime of illness

Answer 497

2 or more of the following, each present for sig portion of 1 month period (or less if successfully treated): delusions, hallucinations, disorg speech, disorg or catatonic behavior, neg symptoms at least 1 month but less than 6 months schizoaffective and MDD have been ruled out

Answer 498

1 or more of the following: delusions, hallucinations, disorg speech, disorg or catatonic behavior greater than 1 day but less than 1 month with eventual return to full premorbid functioning

Answer 499

1 or more delusions with duration of 1 month or longer functioning is not markedly impaired and behavior is not bizarre delusion types: erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, somatic, mixed, unspecified

Answer 500

pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since age 15 individual is at least 18 years

Answer 501

Pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months as evidenced by at least four symptoms of the following categories, and exhibited during interaction with at least one individual who is not a sibling: Angry/Irritable Mood 1. Often loses temper 2. often touchy or easily annoyed 3. often angry and resentful Argumentative/Defiant Behavior 4. Often argues w authority figures or, for children and adolescents, with adults 5. Often actively refuses to comply with requests from authority figures or with rules 6. Often deliberately annoys others 7. Often blames others for mistakes/misbehavior Vindictiveness 8. Has been spiteful or vindictive at least twice within the past 6 months.

Answer 502

At least 2 years (or 1 year in children) - there have been numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms that do not meet criteria for a hypomanic episode and numerous periods of depress symptoms that do meet criteria for an MDD episode Sx have been present at least half the time; no period of no sx for greater than 2 months