EPPP Flashcards
achromatopsia
partial or complete colorblindness due to no function of cone cells or damage to occipitotemporal
agnosia
inability to recognize familiar objects or sounds
akathisia
complete or almost complete loss of movement
anomia
type of aphasia about names of things
apraxia
inability to do purposeful movements despite normal function
aphasia
disturbance in previously acquired language skills
asomatognosia
inability to recognize own body parts
ataxia
lack of balance or coordination
athetosis
writhing involuntary movements
bradykinesia
slow movement
chorea
jerky involuntary movements
dyskinesia
tics, tremors, chorea
dysprosody
disturbance in pitch/rhythm of speech
abulia
a lack of will or initiative for movement (more than apathy but less than akinetic mutism)
agraphia
inability to communicate through writing
Aicardi syndrome
malformation - lack of a corpus collosum
akinetopsia
“motion blindess”, cannot see motion
alien hand syndrome
experiencing limbs acting by themselves
Allan-Herndon-Dudly syndrome
x-linked, mutation of thyroid hormone transporter, problems with speech movement and intellect
amaurosis fugax
temporary loss of vision in one or both eyes
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (motor neuron disease)
acephalia
absence of a head
angelman syndrome
small head, ID, no speech, balance problems, seizures
hemiplegia
weakness, paralysis
Bell’s palsy
temporary inability to control facial muscles
Capgras delusion
psychiatric disorder when deluded that a friend or close member even pet has been replaced by imposter
cerebral palsy
movement disorder
Cotard’s syndrome
walking corpse syndrome, deluded person is dead, don’t exist, putrefying, lost internal organs, or immortal
cyclothymia
affective personality disorder, bipolar III - numerous periods of depression and elevated mood, not sufficient for an md episode or manic episode
dermatillomania
OCD of picking/biting at skin such as nails or face
dyspraxia
neurodevelopmental disorder, impaired coordination of movement
diplopia
double vision
dysarthria
difficulty pronouncing words
exploding head syndrome
abnormal sensory perception during sleep experiencing auditory hallucinations loud and short frightening noise falling asleep or waking up
macropsia
visual perception in which objects appear larger than normal making the person feel smaller
misophonia
selective sound sensitivity syndrome or sound-rage, intolerance of specific sounds
neurosis
by Freud, past anxieties, now known as psychological trauma
sublimation
redirecting negative instincts
Maslow
(one of) humanistic psychology, hierarchy of needs
ACT
acceptance and commitment therapy, comprehensive distancing, by Hayes, acceptance and mindfulness strategies mixed in different ways with commitment and behavior-change strategies, to increase psychological flexibility, combats FEAR
ACT
acceptance and commitment therapy, comprehensive distancing, by Hayes, acceptance and mindfulness strategies mixed in different ways with commitment and behavior-change strategies to increase psychological flexibility, combats FEAR
FEAR
Fusion with your thoughts
Evaluation of experience
Avoidance of your experience
Reason-giving for your behavior
active recall
claims the need to actively stimulate memory during the learning process, contrasts with passive review
actor-observer bias, or attribution theory
Jones and Nisbett, actors explain their behaviors by reference to the situation because they attend to the situation (not to their own behaviors) whereas observers explain the actor’s behavior by reference to the actor’s dispositions because they attend to the actor’s behavior (not to the situation)
equity theory
justice theory, individuals who perceive themselves as either under-rewarded or over-rewarded will experience distress, and that this distress leads to efforts to restore equity
style of life
Alfred Adler, unity of an individual’s way of thinking, feeling, and acting, individual’s unique, unconscious, and repetitive way of responding to (or avoiding) the main tasks of living
affect heuristic
(a feeling associated immediately with a certain stimuli aka “lung cancer” bad and “mother’s love” good)
Affect Infusion Model (AIM)
Forgas, a strong emotional first impression can inform a decision
agoraphobia
fear of going outside or being in public places
Bandura
social learning (cognitive) theory, the Bobo Doll Experiment, self-efficacy
allochiria
responding to one side of the body as if it was the other side of the body
Allport’s Scale
measure of prejudice: antilocution, avoidance, discrimination, physical attack, extermination
anchoring
placing focus too heavily on one aspect or event, leading to bias
anterograde amnesia
cannot create memories after traumatic event
antiprocess
the subconscious compromises information that would cause cognitive dissonance
apperception
to perceive new experience in relation to past experience
applied behavioral analysis (ABA)
approach often seeks to develop constructive, socially acceptable behaviors to replace the aberrant behaviors
Appraisal Theory of Emotions
appraisal of a situation causes an emotional, or affective, response that is going to be based on that appraisal
Asch Conformity Experiments
groups of students to participate in a “vision test”, in reality all but one of the participants were confederates of the experimenter and the study was really about how the remaining student would react to the confederates’ behavior
Assertive Community Treatment
wrap-around services
Attachment Theory
Ainsworth
autogenic training
short sessions of visualizations that induce a state of relaxation
availability heuristic
frequency or importance based on how easily an example can be brought to mind, operates on the notion that “if you can think of it, it must be important”
aversion therapy
exposed to a stimulus while simultaneously being subjected to some form of discomfort, conditioning is intended to cause the patient to associate the stimulus with unpleasant sensations in order to stop the specific behavior
Skinner
behaviorism (operant behavior, reinforcement, schedules of reinforcement)
backward chaining
working backwards from the goal
Baddeley’s Model
more accurate tripartite model of short-term memory
Balance Theory
motivational theory of attitude-drive towards psychological balance (aka liking something more because someone you like likes it)
basic hostility
child is abused but can’t leave, depends on parents, redirects hostility towards others he’s not dependent on
ben franklin effect
a person who has done someone a favor is more likely to do that person another favor than they would be if they had received a favor from that person
OCEAN
Openness – (inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious). Appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, curiosity, and variety of experience.
Conscientiousness – (efficient/organized vs. easy-going/careless). A tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement; planned rather than spontaneous behaviour.
Extraversion – (outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved). Energy, positive emotions, surgency, and the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others.
Agreeableness – (friendly/compassionate vs. cold/unkind). A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others.
Neuroticism – (sensitive/nervous vs. secure/confident). A tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability.
biopsychosocial
The biopsychosocial approach addresses the complexity of interactions between different domains of functioning and argues that it is the interaction of domains that illuminate important processes
Bloom’s taxonomy
Bloom’s Taxonomy divides educational objectives into three “domains”: Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor (sometimes loosely described as knowing/head, feeling/heart and doing/hands respectively
Abnormal Psychology
Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotion and thought, which may or may not be understood as precipitating a mental disorder.
Analytical Psychology
Carl Jung, Jungian psychology, Its aim is wholeness through the integration of unconscious forces and motivations underlying human behavior. Depth psychology, including archetypal psychology, employs the model of the unconscious mind as the source of healing and development in an individual.
Applied Behavior Analysis
the science of controlling and predicting human behavior. focus on the observable relationship of behavior to the environment
Applied Psychology
Hugo Münsterberg, includes the areas of clinical psychology, industrial and organizational psychology, occupational health psychology, human factors, forensic psychology, engineering psychology, as well as many other areas such as school psychology, sports psychology and community psychology. In addition, a number of specialized areas in the general field of psychology have applied branches (e.g., applied social psychology, applied cognitive psychology).
Comparative Psychology
the study of the behavior and mental life of animals other than human beings, a branch of psychology in which emphasis is placed on cross-species comparisons
Critical Psychology
aimed at critiquing mainstream psychology and attempts to apply psychology in more progressive ways
Systems Psychology
Applied Systems Psychology (engineering psychology and human factor), Cognitive Systems Theory (existential psychology), Contract-Systems Psychology (human systems actualization through participative organizations), Family Systems Psychology (family therapists), Organismic-Systems Psychology (gradual comprehension of the various ways human personalities may evolve being supported by a holistic interpretation of human behavior)
Transpersonal Psychology
spiritual self-development, self beyond the ego, peak experiences, mystical experiences, systemic trance
Broadbent’s Filter Model
early selection view of attention, such that humans process information with limited capacity and select information to be processed early (sensory store>selective filter>higher level processing>working memory)
Cannon-Bard theory
Walter Cannon and Philip Bard, thalami theory, individuals experience emotions and physiologically react simultaneously (“I see a man outside my window. I am afraid. I begin to perspire.”)
capacity building
understanding the obstacles that inhibit people, governments, international organizations from realizing their developmental goals
Carl Rogers
person-centered approach, (one of) humanistic approach, founding fathers of psychotherapy research
Fluid and crystallized intelligence
Fluid intelligence or fluid reasoning is the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge; Crystallized intelligence is the ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience
child development stages
12-24 months - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt;
choice-supportive bias
choice-supportive bias is the tendency to retroactively ascribe positive attributes to an option one has selected
Alfred Adler (Adlerian Psychology)
Primary and secondary feelings of inferiority (primary feeling of inferiority is the original and normal feeling in the infant and child of smallness, weakness, and dependency, secondary inferiority feeling is the adult’s feeling of insufficiency that results); Striving for significance (from birth until death, of overcoming, expansion, growth, completion, and security, may take a negative turn into a striving for superiority or power over other people); Compensation (tendency to make up for under-development of physical or mental functioning through interest and training, later overcompensation); Private logic (vs. common sense); Safeguarding tendency (cognitive and behavioral strategies used to avoid or excuse oneself from imagined failure); Psychology of use (adopts only those characteristics that serve his goal, and rejects those that do not fit his intentions)
ERG Theory
Clayton Alderfer, further expanded Maslow’s hierarchy of needs by categorizing the hierarchy into his ERG theory (Existence - Physiological and Safety, Relatedness - love and esteem, and Growth - self actualization and self esteem), when needs in a higher category are not met then individuals redouble the efforts invested in a lower category need
Personality Psychology
Gordon Allport, the nomothetic and the idiographic, general laws that can be applied to many different people, such as the principle of self-actualization, or the trait of extraversion, an attempt to understand the unique aspects of a particular individual
Positive Psychology
positive human functioning will arise to build thriving in individuals, families, and communities
Chomsky theory of language
universal babble/noises for every language until they develop language, critical period to tell whether they will be able to speak
Ecological Psychology
‘real world’ studies of behaviour as opposed to the artificial environment of the laboratory
Cognitive Evaluation Theory
effects of external consequences on internal motivation, sub-theory of Self-Determination Theory that focus on competence and autonomy while examining how intrinsic motivation is affected by external forces
Cognitive inhibition
Freud, mind’s ability to tune out stimuli that are irrelevant to the task/process at hand or to the mind’s current state
cognitive load
total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory
compulsion loop/core loop
habitual, designed chain of activities that will be repeated to gain a neurochemical reward such as the release of dopamine (gambling)
Compassion fatigue/secondary traumatic stress disorder
gradual lessening of compassion over time, common among trauma victims and individuals that work directly with trauma victims
conspiracies of silence
considered culturally shameful, taboo subjects may be indirectly discussed via the use of politically correct code words, or euphemisms, i.e. mental health, substance abuse, human rights crimes
contrast effect
example: a person will appear more or less attractive than that person does in isolation when immediately preceded by, or simultaneously compared to, respectively, a less or more attractive person
Countersignaling
“humble bragging,” showing off by not showing off
covariation model
By putting the three sources of information, consensus, distinctiveness and consistency, together, we are able to determine whether a person would likely to make an attribution to object, person or context; example: if only one particular salesman told the girl that the dress was nice on her (consensus is low); and the salesman only said she looked nice on one particular dress (distinctiveness is high); and the salesman said so only this time the girl went into the boutique (consistency is low), the girl was likely to attribute the salesman’s behavior to the context. Thus, she would conclude that the salesman said so because he or she had to fulfill a sales quota on that dress.
covert conditioning
behavior modification to assist people in making improvements in their behavior or inner experience, the method relies on the person’s capacity to use imagery for purposes such as mental rehearsal.
death drive (“Todestrieb”)
Freud, drive towards death, self-destruction and the return to the inorganic: ‘the hypothesis of a death instinct, the task of which is to lead organic life back into the inanimate state’
Developmental psychology
human development, is the scientific study of systematic psychological changes, emotional changes, and perception changes that occur in human beings over the course of their life span
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)
combines standard cognitive-behavioral techniques for emotion regulation and reality-testing with concepts of distress tolerance, acceptance, and mindful awareness, to treat people with borderline personality disorder (BPD)
diathesis-stress model
assumes that the onset of a certain disorder may result from a combination of one’s biological disposition towards the given disorder and stressful events that bring about the onset to such disorder
DISC assessment
Marston, quadrant behavioral model: Dominance – relating to control, power and assertiveness
Influence – relating to social situations and communication
Steadiness/submission – relating to patience, persistence, and thoughtfulness
Conscientiousness (or caution, compliance in Marston’s time) – relating to structure and organization
Direct Therapeutic Exposure (DTE)
Boudewyns, where stressors are vividly and safely confronted to help combat veterans, and patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, or phobias
dehabituation
example: the response of a receptionist in a scenario where a delivery truck arrives at 9:00AM every morning. The first few times it arrives it is noticed by the receptionist, and after weeks, the receptionist does not respond as strongly. One day the truck does not arrive, and the receptionist notices its absence. When it arrives the next day, the receptionist’s response is stronger when it arrives as expected.
doublethink
became synonymous with relieving cognitive dissonance by ignoring the contradiction between two world views; example: “let himself become consciously a loyal party member while letting his hatred of the party remain an unconscious presence deep in his mind”
dysgraphia/agraphia
(innate)/(acquired) deficiency in ability to write
dysthymia
less severe/mild chronic depression
effort heuristic
the value of an object is assigned based on the amount of perceived effort that went into producing the object
egocentric bias
Besides simply claiming credit for positive outcomes, which might simply be self-serving bias, people exhibiting egocentric bias also cite themselves as overly responsible for negative outcomes of group behavior as well
Eigengrau
perceived as lighter than a black object in normal lighting conditions, because contrast is more important to the visual system than absolute brightness. For example, the night sky looks darker than eigengrau because of the contrast provided by the stars.
Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)
two routes to persuasion: the “central route,” where a subject considers an idea logically, and the “peripheral route,” in which the audience uses preexisting ideas and superficial qualities to be persuaded.
Erich Fromm
(one of) humanistic psychology; eight basic needs: Relatedness – Relationships with others, care, respect, knowledge.
Transcendence – Creativity, developing a loving and interesting life.
Rootedness – Feeling of belonging.
Sense of Identity – Seeing ourselves as a unique person and part of a social group.
Frame of orientation – Understanding the world and our place in it.
Excitation and Stimulation – Actively striving for a goal rather than simply responding.
Unity – A sense of oneness between one person and the “natural and human world outside.”
Effectiveness – The need to feel accomplished.
eustress
(vs. distress) positive stress i.e. getting a promotion, watching a suspenseful or scary movie, love, marriage, sexual intercourse,
the holidays.
Evaluation Apprehension Theory
Cottrell, example: a person who is trying out for cheerleading will feel a heightened sense of arousal leading to incompetence not just because others are around, but because of the fear that others are observing and ridiculing them.
expectancy theory
a person will decide to behave or act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behavior over other behaviors due to what they expect the result of that selected behavior will be
Extended Parallel Process Model
When an individual is exposed to an external stimuli or message consisting of fear, the individual can seek one of two courses of action danger control or fear control.
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)
Extraversion/Introversion, Neuroticism/Stability, Psychoticism/Socialisation
Fiedler Contingency Model
Least preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire, task-oriented leadership/middle/considerate relationship-oriented
flow/focused motivation
positive psychology, in the moment/present, single-minded immersion
Flynn Effect
general increase in IQ scores for everyone over time
Folie a deux
shared psychosis, symptoms of a delusional belief are transmitted from one individual to another
Functional Analytic Psychotherapy
informed by B.F. Skinner’s analysis of verbal behavior, places great focus on the therapeutic relationship, result is a highly emotional and relationally-based therapy,; clinically relevant behavior (CRB) represents the categories of client change: CRB1s represent problematic behavior that occur in-session that are the focus of change, CRB2s are the behaviors that manage or deal with CRB1s, CRB3s represent client statements or rules about positive changes
Functionalism
importance of empirical, rational thought over an experimental, trial-and-error philosophy
George Kelly
personal construction, “Any personal construction which is used repeatedly in spite of consistent invalidation,” “If a person’s problem is poor construction, then the solution should be reconstruction”
Gestalt Psychology
“The whole is greater than the sum of the parts,” think of problems as a whole, perception, personal responsbility: individual’s experience in the present moment, the therapist-client relationship, the environmental and social contexts of a person’s life, and the self-regulating adjustments
Gestalt principles
emergence: complex pattern formation from simpler rules (dog recognized from smaller parts); reification: constructive or generative aspect of perception, more spatial information (using negative space for the whole picture); multistability: tendency of ambiguous perceptual experiences to pop back and forth unstably between two or more alternative interpretations (the vase/the face); invariance: simple geometrical objects are recognized independent of rotation, translation, and scale (regardless); law of closure: closing an object automatically, law of similarity: seeing similar objects despite differences, law of proximity: connecting spaced objects when similar to another whole object, law of symmetry: automatically making things symmetrical, law of continuity: continuing a pattern, law of common fate: seeing objects making movement in a direction together
Harry Sullivan
parataxical integrations/action-reaction combinations, work on interpersonal relationships became the foundation of interpersonal psychoanalysis, a school of psychoanalytic theory and treatment that stresses the detailed exploration of the nuances of patients’ patterns of interacting with others, formulated guidelines for the psychological screening of inductees to the United States military, experimental treatment ward for schizophrenics at the Sheppard Pratt Hospital cure rate of approximately 86% patients and attendees were gay
Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale
Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe, list of 43 stressful life events that can contribute to illness
idée fixe
fixation, obsession
