EPP test

Question 1

what are the political factors

Answer 1

South Africa is facing major political uncertainty at this point in time.
government policies
leadership, and change
foreign trade policies
internal political issues and trends
tax policy
regulation and de-regulation trends
the governement regulating the acts
voicing opinions whether they are positive or negative

Question 2

what are the socioeconomic factors

Answer 2

Gender
Age
Marital status
Work experience
Educational level
Salary level

Question 3

what are the environmental factors

Answer 3

air and water quality
food
sanitation
cleanliness
chemicals
pesticides
waste products

Question 4

what are the economic factors

Answer 4

globalisation
OSD (Occupational specific dispensions)
NHI (national health insurance)

Question 5

what are the social factors

Answer 5

burden of diease (HIV AIDS) and TB, STI’S, Maternal and child morbidity and mortality, violence and injuries and many non-communicable diseases.
poverty, unemployment, racial and gender discrimination.

Question 6

what are the benefits of information technology in healthcare

Answer 6

improved quality of healthcare
prevention of medical errors
reduction in the healthcare costs
increase in the administrative efficiencies
decrease in the amount of paperwork
increased access to affordable health care options

Question 7

what are the common law issues in nursing

Answer 7

consent- a signed consent is required for all routine treatment, hazardous procedures, some treatments and research

abortion issues- includes a womens right to have an abortion

student nurses- student nurses are liable for their actions that cause harm to the patients.

malpractice insurance- professional insurance, contract with nurse and insurance company of nurse is sued for professional negligence or medical malpractice.

abandonment and assignment issues
-short staffing
-floating-assignments to a department where the nurse does not normally work
-physicians orders- nursing judgement when carrying out physicians orders.

Question 8

explain justice as a ethical principle

Answer 8

Nurses are at all times expected to act fairly and equitably where there is competition of interest among parties, groups or individuals. Such interests may be, amongst others, related to access of healthcare resources, issues linked to prioritising care or any situation that may be perceived or experienced as unequal. Nurses should therefore pursue justice and advocate on behalf of vulnerable and disadvantaged
healthcare users and should be able to justify their decisions and actions.

Question 9

Explain non-maleficence as a ethical principle

Answer 9

This requires a nurse to consciously refrain from doing
harm of any nature whatsoever to healthcare users, individuals, groups
and communities.

Question 10

Explain Beneficience as a ethical principle

Answer 10

Nurses are required to do good and to choose the “best
option” of care under given circumstances and act with kindness at all
times. It gives expression to compliance with the “duty to care” as a professional practice imperative.

Question 11

Explain Veracity as a ethical principle

Answer 11

This principle requires the nurse to act with truthfulness and
honesty and to ensure that the information provided to and on behalf of
the healthcare user is always in the best interest of the healthcare user.

Question 12

Explain Fidelity as a ethical principle

Answer 12

This entails adherence to factual and truthful accounting and
balancing that with respecting, protecting and maintaining confidential information pertaining to the delivery of healthcare, including health
records of healthcare users.

Question 13

Explain Altruism as a ethical principle

Answer 13

Nurses are at all times expected to show concern for the welfare
and wellbeing of healthcare users. The nurses are to be mindful of the fact that wishes and actions of healthcare users may be in conflict with the values and principles of the code, e.g. where healthcare users refuse treatment to the detriment of their health and that of others.

Question 14

explain Autonomy as a ethical principle

Answer 14

Respect for the autonomy of eligible persons (healthcare
users) to make their own decisions and choices in matters affecting their
health.

Question 15

Explain Caring as a ethical principle

Answer 15

Nurses are required to demonstrate the art of nurturing by both
applying professional competencies and positive emotions that will
benefit both the nurse and the healthcare user with inner harmony.

Question 16

what is professionalism

Answer 16

Integrating the culture of the profession;
Subject ethos, nurses codes of ethics provide knowledge – nursing culture
Knowledge alone does not produce professionalism.
Must analyse, reflect on and discuss the content to shape professional self
Internalisation of professional values, norms and behaviour
Professional norms and values are learnt –professional socialisation.
Starts entry throughout ones professional life;
Not found on text book, is passed from generation to generation.
Display attitudes and behaviour expected from a professional in everyday practice
Means fulfilling all responsibilities- scope of practice i.e. functions of a nurse.
Demonstrate knowledge of boundaries and collaboration.
Is judged on personal behaviour and how nurses they present themselves to all around them.
Status of the profession within the society depends on every single member maintaining high level of professionalism
-both inside and outside the working environment .

Question 17

what is advocacy

Answer 17

Concerns the patient
Act of protecting someone or making an appeal for someone
Refers to the process of providing support, referral and liaison for patients and families who may or may not be aware of the need and are unable to coordinate or organise for themselves

Question 18

what is responsibility

Answer 18

Accepting liability for own acts and/or omissions

Question 19

what is accountability

Answer 19

Being answerable to someone for something done or not done based on the ability and willingness to assume responsibility for ones acts or omissions and accepting the consequences of ones behaviour

Question 20

what is a nurses responsibilities

Answer 20

To protect, promote and restore health
to prevent illness
preserve life and
alleviate suffering.
These responsibilities will be carried out with the required respect for human rights

Question 21

what is value-based professionalism

Answer 21

Includes clinical competence or excellence, humanism and altruism. a method of convincing others of your competancy involves involves behaving with authority, confidence and in a professional manner.

Question 21

What are virtue-based ethics

Answer 21

Dignity is concerned with how people feel, think and behave in relation to the worth or value of themselves and others.

Honesty involves what whether we do what we promise to do, and conceal information that we should have shared

Question 22

who was the first black nurse and what year was that

Answer 22

1908, Cecilia Makiwane was admitted to the register as the first black, qualified professional nurse in Africa.

Question 23

what is behavioural based professionalism

Answer 23

Showing compassion. Act with integrity, respect and honesty in the workplace.

Question 24

what are the barriers to communication

Answer 24

Physical
Cultural
Language
Perceptual
Interpersonal
Gender
emotional

Question 25

what are the actions that a person can do to limit communication barriers

Answer 25

Communicate clearly and directly.
Be willing to answer questions and to clarify your message.
Listen mindfully.
Clarify uncertainties to avoid making premature judgements or conclusions.
Show interest.
Choose the most appropriate channel, time and medium of communication.
Take into consideration the influence of noise, language and culture, cognitive abilities, fields of experience, meanings attached to messages; and recognise that all perceptions are partial and subjective.
Acknowledge the other person’s viewpoint and right to express him or herself

Question 26

what is horizontal communication

Answer 26

Lateral exchange of messages between peers or co-workers
More informal than up or downward communication

Question 27

what is informal communication

Answer 27

Exists totally outside formally authorised channels
Without regard to organisation’s hierarchy of authority

Question 28

what are advantages of group communication

Answer 28

Multiple viewpoints
Expertise
Heightened creativity
Opportunity for collaboration

Question 29

what are disadvantages of group communication

Answer 29

Constraint of limited time
Conformity pressures
Require communication competence (not always present)

Question 30

what are the factors that influence decision making

Answer 30

Type of health organisation
Complexity of the system
Time pressures
Availability of information
Uniqueness of situation
Crisis situations
Contingency factors
Political factors

Question 31

what is professionalism

Answer 31

the extent to which an individual identifies with a profession and adheres to its standards. it means fulling all responsibilities as defined in the scope of practice

Question 32

what is brain drain

Answer 32

loss of competant and experienced practitioners in the healthcare sector to other countries or other economic sectors.

Question 33

what is humanism

Answer 33

is a sincere concern for and interest in humanity which encompasses empathy, that is, the ability to understand another persons perspective by should also communicate that understanding. you should display these characteristics as a professional nurse.

Question 34

what are the qualities of a twenty first century nurse

Answer 34

-an independent practitioner who critically reflects on practice
- self directed and actively involved in continuous learning
-someone who encourages colleagues to engage in continuous learning
-a person who encourages patients to actively engage in self care
-a professional who manages care across facility boundries through interdisciplinary collaboration
-a promoter of the health of the community through interdisciplinary collaboration
-someone who ensures quality and cost-effective care
-a person who exerts leadership in policy development from local to international levels
-one who promotes the health of the nation
-techno savvy.

Question 34

what is authority

Answer 34

the power to do something

Question 34

what is accountability

Answer 34

being answerable to someone for something you have done or not done based on the ability and wilingness to assume responsibility for your acts or omissions and accepting the consequences of your behaviour

Question 34

what is autonomy

Answer 34

independence of functioning

Question 35

what is compassion

Answer 35

-a way of living that is born out an awareness of ones relationship to all living creatures
-understood in terms of empathy, which is our ability to enter unto, and to some extent share, another’s suffering.
-unconditional, undifferentiated and universal in its scope.
-often a gut feeling or sixth sense about a situation of need.

Question 35

what is responsibility

Answer 35

accepting liability for your acts or omissions. responsibility is the basis for accountability, and you must be able to explain how you exercised or did not exercise your responsibilities as a nurse or midwife. this requires a practitioner to act in a reliable, trustworthy and credible manner.

Question 35

what is confidence

Answer 35

-the quality that fosters trusting relationships
-reciprocal- both parties must trust each other
-dependent on the degree of honesty between parties
-based on sharing and mutual respect.

Question 35

what is competance

Answer 35

• a state of having the knowledge, judgement, skills, energy, experience, and motivation to address adequately the demands of ones professional responsibilities and
  -competance with a human face- warmth, kindness, and sensitivity when delivering care or working with others.

Question 36

what is conscience

Answer 36

-a state of moral awareness
-a compass directing one’s behaviour according to the moral fitness of things
-instilled as a sense of right and wrong from childhood.
-loyalty to oneself that should be respected by ourselves and in others as a basic right and as a duty to something greater than ourselves.

Question 37

what does the term ethics refer to

Answer 37

well founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues.

Question 38

what is the difference between virtue based ethics and principle based ethics

Answer 38

Principles-based ethics provides rules or codes according to which we should act
virtue based ethics concentrates on the moral foundations on which we as human beings, and members of society, build our lives and the very human belief that helping another person would be charitable and benevolent

Question 39

What are the principles of record keeping

Answer 39

B- You must use a black pen (use black ink to ensure good copies are possible for achieving purposes)
L- Legibility (everyone else needs to be able to read what u wrote)
A- Accurate (the correct data must be recorded)
C- Clear (they must be easy to understand)
K- Kept safe (the patients records after the admission and discharge must be kept safe)
F- Factual (dont guess- rather double check before writing something in the records)
A- Approved abbriviations (dont use your own abbriviations only ones that is on the list of ones that are in the hospital or clinic)
C- Concise (dont write too much info just the necessary details)
T- Timely (write the details in the folder after a procedure is done not too late after it was done)
S- Signed, dated and timed (every entry must have a signature, date and time)

Question 40

what is the independent functions as a nurse

Answer 40

relates to the nurses application of the nursing process, the manner in which they carry out their duties, their decision whether they are competant and ethically able to act, and that they have a duty to care within the scope of their practice.

Question 41

what is the dependent functions as a nurse

Answer 41

relates to the law that authorises them to practice

Question 42

what is the interdependent functions as a nurse

Answer 42

refers to the cooperation and co-responsibility with other members of the health team, the patients and their families, and the community in caring for the patients.

Question 43

what is an ethic of care

Answer 43

it emphasises helping, commitment and involvement

Question 44

what is an ethic of virtue

Answer 44

focuses more on the care provider having good or appropriate habits, character or quality by her for his own choice and for the right reasons or outcomes

Question 45

what is a theory

Answer 45

a theory is a set of integrated abstract, related concepts and rational statements that present a view of a phenomenon. a theory is used to describe, explain, predict, and or control a specific phenomenon.

Question 46

what is horizontal violence or lateral violence

Answer 46

agressive and destructive behaviour of nurses and midwifes towards one another. it is the demanding and downgrading of others through unkind words and cruel acts that gradually undermines confidence and self esteem.

Question 47

what is quality patient care

Answer 47

safe, effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient and equitable care that will improve desired health outcomes.