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Epithelium I > Epithelium I pack > Flashcards

Epithelium I pack Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps for preparing tissues for histology?

A

Fixation, Dehydration, Clearing, Infiltration, and Embedding

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2
Q

What is the first step in tissue preparation for histology?

A

Fixation: Preserve cell and tissue structure

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3
Q

What happens during the dehydration step in tissue preparation?

A

Removes all water and replaces it with alcohol

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the clearing step in tissue preparation?

A

Alcohol is removed and paraffin is made miscible

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5
Q

What occurs during the infiltration step in tissue preparation?

A

Tissue is placed in melted paraffin until it becomes completely infiltrated

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6
Q

Describe the embedding step in tissue preparation.

A

Melted paraffin is allowed to harden around the tissue

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7
Q

Why must tissue sections be stained before microscopic study?

A

Cells and extracellular material are colorless and need to be dyed for visibility

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8
Q

What does Hematoxylin stain?

A

DNA in the cell nucleus RNA-rich portions of the cytoplasm and the matrix of cartilage

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9
Q

What color does Hematoxylin produce?

A

Dark blue or purple

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10
Q

What does Eosin stain?

A

Other cytoplasmic structures and collagen

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11
Q

What color does Eosin produce?

A

Pink

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12
Q

How might a highly coiled tube appear in thin sections?

A

As several round and oval structures

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13
Q

Why is it important to develop interpretive skills in microscopy?

A

To understand tissue and cell morphology in microscopic preparations

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14
Q

What is resolution in microscopy?

A

The smallest distance between two structures at which they can be seen as separate objects

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15
Q

What is the maximal resolving power of a light microscope?

A

Approximately 0.2 μm

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16
Q

What magnification range permits clear images with the maximal resolving power of a light microscope?

A

1000-1500 times

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17
Q

What do objective lenses provide in microscopy?

A

Higher magnification and higher resolving power

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18
Q

What does the eyepiece lens do in microscopy?

A

It only enlarges the image obtained by the objective and does not improve resolution

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19
Q

How can images be scanned in virtual microscopy?

A

Using an automated slide scanner

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20
Q

What is done with the images after scanning in virtual microscopy?

A

They are saved and displayed virtually

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21
Q

Can phase-contrast microscopy be used with living cultured cells?

A

Yes

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22
Q

On what principle is phase-contrast microscopy based?

A

Light changes its speed when passing through cellular and extracellular structures with different refractive indices

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23
Q

How does the phase-contrast system cause structures to appear lighter or darker?

A

By using changes in light speed to create contrast between structures

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24
Q

What does fluorescence microscopy combine?

A

The magnifying properties of the light microscope with fluorescence technology

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25
Q

Where is epithelium found in the body?

A

It lines and covers all body surfaces except the articular cartilage the enamel of the tooth and the anterior surface of the iris

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26
Q

How does epithelium receive nutrients?

A

By diffusion as it lacks a direct blood and lymphatic supply

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27
Q

What is the extracellular matrix (ECM) like in epithelium?

A

It has very little ECM

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28
Q

How is the cohesive nature of epithelium maintained?

A

By cell adhesion molecules and junctional complexes

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29
Q

What anchors epithelium?

A

A basement membrane

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30
Q

What structural and functional feature does epithelium have?

A

Polarity

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31
Q

From which germ layers does epithelium derive?

A

Ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm

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32
Q

How do most epithelial cells renew?

A

By mitosis

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33
Q

What is another function of epithelial tissues?

A

Absorption (e.g. the intestinal lining)

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34
Q

What is another function of epithelial tissues?

A

Secretion (e.g. parenchymal cells of glands)

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35
Q

What is another function of epithelial tissues?

A

Excretion (e.g. kidney tubules)

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36
Q

What is another function of epithelial tissues?

A

Gas exchange (e.g. lungs)

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37
Q

What are the two primary parameters for classifying epithelial tissue?

A

The shapes of individual cells and the arrangement of the cells in one or more layers

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38
Q

What other aspect might be considered in the classification of epithelial tissue?

A

Other special features (to be discussed later)

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39
Q

What is the shape of cuboidal epithelial cells?

A

Have equal dimensions

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40
Q

What is the shape of columnar epithelial cells?

A

Taller than wider

41
Q

How many cell layers are there in stratified epithelial tissue?

A

More than one layer

42
Q

How is stratified epithelium classified?

A

According to the cell shape of the superficial outer layer (squamous cuboidal or columnar)

43
Q

How do the cells of simple squamous epithelium appear when viewed from the side?

A

Flattened

44
Q

How do the cells of simple squamous epithelium appear in a top-down view?

A

Round

45
Q

What is the functional advantage of simple squamous epithelium?

A

It minimizes the distance between the apical and basal sides of the cell to maximize diffusion efficiency

46
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium typically found?

A

In tissues and organs that utilize diffusion for molecular movement like capillaries

47
Q

What function are simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium involved in?

A

Active transport of molecules from one side of the epithelium to the other using pump and channel molecules

48
Q

What energy source is required for the active transport in simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium?

A

ATP

49
Q

Why do cells in simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium typically have large numbers of mitochondria?

A

Because active transport requires ATP

50
Q

What gives pseudostratified columnar epithelium its stratified appearance?

A

The nuclei of the cells form two distinct rows

51
Q

What surface specializations are typically found in pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Cilia

52
Q

What is the function of cilia in pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

To aid in the movement of mucus or absorption of other material

53
Q

How is transitional epithelium different from other epithelia in terms of classification?

A

It is not classified by the shape of cells at the surface but by the presence of umbrella cells

54
Q

Where is transitional epithelium typically found?

A

In parts of the urinary tract

55
Q

How does the epithelium appear if viewed from the side?

A

Like a flat sheet of cells with some thickness

56
Q

How does the epithelium appear if viewed from above?

A

Like a flat sheet of cells with a top-down view

57
Q

What classification is given to epithelia with cilia on the apical surface?

A

Simple columnar or pseudostratified columnar ciliated

58
Q

What is keratin in the context of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

A layer of anucleate cells at the surface of the stratified squamous epithelium

59
Q

What is the term for epithelium with a surface layer of keratinized cells?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

60
Q

What is the function of the basement membrane?

A

It acts as a semipermeable filter for substances reaching epithelial cells from below

61
Q

What components in the basement membrane can often be stained and visualized with a light microscope?

A

Glycoproteins and other components

62
Q

What is the basal lamina?

A

A thin

63
Q

What is the reticular lamina?

A

A more diffuse and fibrous layer beneath the basal lamina

64
Q

How are “basement membrane” and “basal lamina” sometimes used interchangeably?

A

Basal lamina usually denotes the fine extracellular layer seen ultrastructurally

65
Q

What type of collagen is found in the basal lamina?

A

Type IV collagen

66
Q

What is laminin?

A

A large glycoprotein that attaches to transmembrane integrin proteins in the basal cell membrane

67
Q

What is nidogen?

A

A short

68
Q

What is perlecan?

A

A proteoglycan that also cross-links laminins to the type IV collagen network

69
Q

How is the reticular lamina bound to the basal lamina?

A

By anchoring fibrils of type VII collagen

70
Q

Who produces type III collagen and type VII collagen?

A

Cells of the connective tissue

71
Q

How is polarity generally exhibited in epithelial cells?

A

Organelles and membrane proteins are distributed unevenly within the cell

72
Q

Why is polarity crucial for epithelial cells?

A

It is crucial for performing specialized functions such as absorption

73
Q

What does the lateral domain of an epithelial cell face?

A

Neighboring epithelial cells linked by cell adhesion molecules and junctional complexes

74
Q

What is the basal domain associated with?

A

A basement membrane that separates the epithelium from underlying connective tissue

75
Q

What is present in the basal domain besides the basement membrane?

A

Cell-to-extracellular matrix (ECM) junctions

76
Q

From which germ layers do epithelial cells derive?

A

Ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm

77
Q

How do most epithelial cells renew?

A

Continuously by mitosis

78
Q

How do epithelial cells receive nutrients?

A

By diffusion

79
Q

What is the amount of free intercellular substances in epithelial cells?

A

Almost none

80
Q

How is the cohesive nature of epithelium maintained?

A

By cell adhesion molecules and junctional complexes

81
Q

What anchors epithelial cells?

A

A basal lamina

82
Q

What features do epithelial cells have in terms of polarity?

A

Structural and functional polarity

83
Q

What provides adhesion and communication between epithelial cells?

A

Several membrane-associated structures

84
Q

Are the structures providing adhesion and communication in epithelial cells present in other tissues?

A

Yes

85
Q

What are anchoring junctions?

A

Sites of strong cell adhesion

86
Q

What are the three major types of anchoring junctions?

A

Desmosomes adherens junctions focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes

87
Q

What are the two types of anchoring junctions that connect cells to each other?

A

Desmosomes (spot-like) and adherens junctions (belt-like)

88
Q

What are the two types of anchoring junctions that connect cells to the extracellular environment?

A

Focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes (spot-like)

89
Q

What is the function of gap junctions?

A

They are channels for communication between adjacent cells

90
Q

What type of seal do tight junctions form between epithelial cells?

A

Not a continuous seal but a series of focal fusions

91
Q

What do tight junctions separate?

A

The luminal space from the intercellular space and connective tissue compartment

92
Q

What are the three main transmembrane proteins found in tight junctions?

A

Occludin claudins and junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)

93
Q

How many transmembrane domains does JAM have?

A

One transmembrane domain

94
Q

What do the associated proteins of the occluding junction (ZO-1 ZO-2 ZO-3) do?

A

They interact with each other

95
Q

What does ZO-1 interact with in the cell cytoskeleton?

A

It binds actin filaments

96
Q

What is the function of the plasma (cell) membrane?

A

The plasma (cell) membrane acts as a barrier but allows nutrients to enter and wastes to exit.

97
Q

What determines what moves in and out of a cell?

A

Permeability determines what moves in and out of a cell.

98
Q

What does selectively permeable mean for the plasma membrane?

A

A selectively permeable plasma membrane allows some materials to move freely while restricting others.

99
Q

What are the factors that selective permeability is based on?

A

Selective permeability restricts materials based on size electrical charge molecular shape and lipid solubility.

Epithelium I (1 decks)

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