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RUSVM Blue20 Microanatomy > Epithelium (Exam I) > Flashcards

Epithelium (Exam I) Flashcards

1
Q

Define tissue.

A

an aggregation of cells and extracellular substances

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2
Q

Define epithelium.

A

a tissue composed of closely aggregated cells with very little extracellular substance

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3
Q

What are the four basic types of tissues that compose the body?

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscular tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
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4
Q

What are the three basic types of epithelia?

A
  1. Surface or lining epithelia
  2. Glandular epithelia
  3. Special epithelia
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5
Q

What are the seven functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Secretion
  3. Absorption
  4. Diffusion
  5. Friction reduction
  6. Cleaning
  7. Sensation
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6
Q

What are the three germ layers of a developing embryo and which layers contribute to the formation of various epithelia?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

All three layers contribute to the formation of various epithelia

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7
Q

Describe the difference between mesenchymal cells and epithelial cells.

A

Mesenchymal: few cells suspended in a large ECM

Epithelial: many cells closely packed in little ECM

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8
Q

What are the defining characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Covers surfaces/lines cavities
  • High cellular density
  • Very little intercellular substance (ECM)
  • Basement membrane present
  • Few nerve endings
  • Polarized cells (apical vs basal surfaces)
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9
Q

Describe the polarized nature of epithelial cells.

A

Apical surface is the “top” or free surface.
Lateral surfaces on sides, where cells may adhere to surrounding cells.
Basal surface which lies against the basal lamina.

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10
Q

Describe the difference between the basal lamina and the basement membrane.

A

All epithelial tissues are bordered on the basal surface by a basal lamina. When the lamina can be seen on LM (perhaps by specific stains) it is referred to as the basement membrane.

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11
Q

What are the three main purposes of the basal lamina?

A

Separates the epithelia from the underlying connective tissues.
Provides structural support.
Acts as a selective barrier for the epithelia.

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12
Q

What is the best stain to use in order to appreciate the basement membrane on LM? What does this stain target in order to do so?

A

Periodic acid-Schiff stain (PAS)

Stains carbohydrates

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13
Q

What three (general) things are responsible for intercellular adhesion?

A
  1. Transmembrane glycoproteins
  2. E-cadherins (transmembrane proteins dependent on calcium)
  3. Folds of plasma membrane between cells
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14
Q

What are the three types of intercellular junctions in animal epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Gap junctions
  3. Desmosomes
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15
Q

Describe the composition of tight junctions.

A

Neighboring cell membranes very tightly pressed together and bound together by proteins in a net like structure. Forms an air-tight seal.

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16
Q

What is the importance of a tight junction?

A

It prevents leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells.

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17
Q

Where is it common to see tight junctions of epithelial cells?

A

Stomach

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18
Q

Describe the structure of desmosomes.

A

Intermediate filaments made of keratin attached to plaques adhere cells together like rivets, forming strong sheets.

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19
Q

What epithelia commonly contains desmosomes?

A

Cells of the skin

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20
Q

What is another name for desmosomes?

A

Anchoring junctions

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21
Q

What is another name for gap junctions?

A

Communicating junctions

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22
Q

Describe the structure and function of gap junctions.

A

Membrane proteins that surround a pore and form cytoplasmic channels between two adjacent cells.
Allows ions, sugars, amino acids and other small molecules to pass.

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23
Q

What types of cells require gap junctions?

A

Excitable cells and cells that require the transfer chemical and electrical signals.
i.e. muscle cells

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24
Q

What are two ways we classify lining epithelium?

A

By shape of surface cells and according to the number of layers of cells.

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25
Q

What are the five ways we classify glandular epithelium?

A
  1. Number of cells in the gland
  2. Shape of duct
  3. Shape of secretory units
  4. Product
  5. Mode of secretion
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26
Q

Describe the morphology of a squamous epithelial cell.

A

Flat, elongated cells that often have a centrally located nucleus.

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27
Q

Differentiate simple epithelium from stratified epithelium.

A

Simple: single layer of cells.
Stratified: many layers of cells.

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28
Q

What are some common locations in which simple squamous epithelium can be found?

A

Mesothelium
Alveolar walls
Endothelium

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29
Q

Define mesothelium.

A

Lining of moist internal surfaces, such as pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities.

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30
Q

Define endothelium.

A

Luminal surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

31
Q

Describe the morphology of cuboidal epithelial cells.

A

Similar to a cube: all sides approximately the same. Centrally located round, often euchromatic nucleus. Often has well defined cell limits.

32
Q

What are some common locations in which simple cuboidal epithelium can be found?

A 
Lining of ducts of many glands
Choroid plexus of brain
Lining follicles of thyroid gland
Lens of the eye
Tubules of kindey
33
Q

Describe the morphology of columnar epithelial cells.

A

Tall, narrow cells with ovular nuclei locate in the basal portion of the cell.

34
Q

What are some common locations in which simple columnar epithelium can be found?

A

Lining the lumen of the stomach, small intestine, gall bladder
Lining of the uterus

35
Q

What structure is commonly found on the apical surface of columnar epithelial cells?

A

Cilia

36
Q

Describe the morphology of pseudostratified epithelium?

A

Composed of a singular layer of irregularly shaped cells in which all the cells touch the basement membrane. Appears to be more than one layer due to the various orientation of the nuclei.

37
Q

What are some common places to find pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Nasal cavity and upper respiratory tract
Ductus deferens
Duct of the epididymis

38
Q

What is Kartagener’s syndrome a malformation of and what are the manifestations?

A

Malformation of dynein arms in the cilia and tails of the sperm.
Chronic respiratory infections and sterility in males.

39
Q

What are the two types of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Keratinized and non-keratinized

40
Q

How is stratified epithelium further classified?

A

By the type of cells lying on its uppermost surface.

41
Q

What are some examples of non-keratinized squamous epithelium?

A

Cornea
Esophagus
Oral cavity
Vagina in anestrus

42
Q

What are some examples of keratinized squamous epithelium?

A

Epidermis
Proventricles
Oral cavity
Vagina in estrus

43
Q

Describe the morphology of keratinized squamous epithelium.

A

Dead surface cells without nuclei and almost entirely composed of keratin.

44
Q

What benefit does keratin provide a tissue?

A

It is water resistant, provides protection.

45
Q

Describe the structure and function of transitional epithelium.

A

Stratified epithelium composed of superficial cuboidal cells that bulge into the lumen.
Allows the walls of an organ to distend, provides an osmotic barrier between contents and tissue.

46
Q

Where is transitional epithelial found?

A

Urinary passages, bladder.

47
Q

What are the two components of a multicellular exocrine gland?

A

Adenomere and duct.

48
Q

What is an example of a unicellular duct?

A

Goblet cell.

49
Q

Describe a goblet cell and its contents.

A

A cup-shaped gland containing an abundance of mucinogen granules.

50
Q

Where are goblet cells commonly found?

A

Intestine and respiratory tract.

51
Q

What histochemical stain can be used to easily identify goblet cells in a tissue?

A

Alcian blue, stains mucinogen granules bright blue.

52
Q

What is an adenomere?

A

Secretory unit of a gland, excretes product through gland.

53
Q

Differentiate between simple and compound ducts.

A

Simple ducts have one opening to drain the gland while compound ducts have branches of ducts for drainage.

54
Q

What are the common shapes of adenomeres?

A

Tubular, branched, coiled tubular, acinar.

55
Q

Describe a tubular gland.

A

Straight or coiled adenomere

56
Q

Describe an acinar gland.

A

Round adenomere containing pie-shaped cells and a small lumen..

57
Q

Describe an alveolar gland.

A

A round gland with a large lumen.

58
Q

Where can simple tubular glands be found?

A

GI tract.

59
Q

What is an example of a simple coiled tubular glands?

A

Sweat glands of the skin

60
Q

What are the four basic types of glandular products?

A
  1. Serous
  2. Mucous
  3. Mixed (serous and mucous)
  4. Sebaceous
61
Q

Describe serous secretions and give an example.

A

Product is watery, contains enzymes.

Ex. sweat

62
Q

What is an example of a mixed glandular secretion?

A

Saliva

63
Q

Describe sebaceous secretions.

A

Oily, often called sebum.

64
Q

Describe the morphology of serous glands.

A

Round nuclei, basophilic cytoplasm in basal portion, acidophilic in apical portion.

65
Q

Describe the morphology of mucus glands.

A

Cells with flat, heterochromatic nuclei located in the basal portion. Often contains vacuolated (frothy) cytoplasm.

66
Q

Describe the morphology of sebaceous glands.

A

Centrally located nuclei with pale, vacuolated (frothy) cytoplasm.

67
Q

What are the three modes of secretion in exocrine glands?

A
  1. Merocrine
  2. Apocrine
  3. Holocrine
68
Q

Describe the method of merocrine secretion.

A

Product secreted through exocytosis, little to no cytoplasm lost in secretion.

69
Q

Describe the method of apocrine secretion.

A

Apex bulges and breaks off from cell, taking some cytoplasm with secretion.

70
Q

Describe the method of holocrine secretion.

A

The entire cell is the product.

71
Q

What are some examples of an apocrine gland?

A

Sweat glands of mammals, prostate gland, mammary gland.

72
Q

What is an example of a holocrine gland?

A

Sebaceous gland

73
Q

Define myoepithelial and the locations these cells can be found.

A

Contractile epithelial cells that are associated with salivary, mammary, and sweat glands. They surround the gland and contract to assist with secretion.

74
Q

Describe the basics of epithelial repair.

A

Stem cells located in basal cell layer and have high mitotic potential. Reproduce and shift upwards allowing older, dead cells to slough off.

RUSVM Blue20 Microanatomy (1 decks)

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