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EPITHELIUM > Epithelium > Flashcards

Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Protects underlying tissue from injury
  • Prevents loss of fluid from underlying tissue
  • prevents bacterial invasion
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2
Q

What is epithelium?

A

Group of tissues that cover body

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3
Q

What is epithelium made up of ?

And what can the be?

A

Packed cells

  • single layer
  • multi layer
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4
Q

What is epithelium specialised to do?

A

To from a lining / covering for ALL internal and external structures

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5
Q

Where can specialised epithelium he found?

A

Lining of cavities
Lining of tubes
In glands

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6
Q

What is the early layers of epithelium called?

A

Embryo germ layer

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7
Q

How many embryo germ layers does a human have? And what is this called?

A

3

Tribloblastic

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8
Q

What is the first layer of embryo germ layer?

A

Endoderm - outer

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9
Q

Describe the endoderm layer

A
  • inner layer

- provides epithelial lining to 2 majors tubes; digestive and respiratory

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10
Q

What is the second layer of embryo germ layer?

A

Mesoderm

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11
Q

Describe the mesoderm layer

A 
Middle layer 
Where body’s internal organs are found 
Gives rise too; 
- muscle 
- blood 
- connections tissue
- dentine 
- cementum
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12
Q

What is the third layer of embryo germ layer?

A

Ectoderm - outer

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13
Q

Describe the ectoderm layer

A

Outer layer
Gives rise to;

  • central nervous system
  • skin
  • enamel
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14
Q

What is the structure of epithelium ?

A

Cells closely packed together
Lie on basement membrane
Matrix is minimal
Receives nourishment from underlying connect tissue eg. Blood

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of epithelial tissue ?

A

Simple epithelium

Stratified epithelium

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16
Q

What are the 4 types of simple epithelium?

A

Squamous
Columnar
Cuboidal
Ciliated

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17
Q

Where are the types of simple epithelium found?

A

Usually In absorptive and secretory areas.

Not in areas subject to stress

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18
Q

Describe squamous epithelium

A

Single layer

Closely fit together / slot together = smooth inactive lining

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19
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

Blood vessels
Lining of body cavities
Alveoli of lungs

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20
Q

Describe simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Fit closely together on basement membrane

Cubed shaped

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21
Q

What is simple cuboidal epithelium involved in?

A

Absorption
Secretory
Excretion

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22
Q

What does simple cuboidal epithelium from?

A 
Some glands (eg. Salivary)
Kidney tubules
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23
Q

Describe simple columnar epithelium

A

Single layer
Elongated in shape
Height greater than width

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24
Q

What does simple columnar epithelium line?

A

Line organs
Alimentary tract
Ducts of glands (salivary glands)

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25
Q

Why is simple columnar epithelium specialised?

A

Had modified cells - releases goblet cells

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26
Q

What does a goblet cell do and where is it found

A

Secretes mucous

In simple columnar epithelium

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27
Q

Describe ciliated columnar epithelium

A

Has fine like hair processes called Cilla only seen on edge of the cells / free surface of cells.

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28
Q

Where is cilia found?

A

On the edge of cells of free surface of cells

In columnar epithelium

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29
Q

What does cilia do?

A

Fine hair like processes
Has beating action (one direction only)
Propels contents of tube - respiratory epithelium.

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30
Q

What is ciliated epithelium covered In? And what does it do?

A

Mucous - traps minute dust particles, propels towards opening of cavity - action done by cilia

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31
Q

What is a hemidesmosomes and what do they do

A

Specialised juncting complexes

Enables cells to adhere to eachother

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32
Q

What are hemi-demosomes called when they join

A

Demosomes

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33
Q

Where are hemi-demosomes found?

A

Cell membrane of epithelial cells OR

Between epithelial and connective tissue

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34
Q

What do heno-desmosomes have?

A

Tonifibrils

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35
Q

What do tonofibrils do?

A

Cause thickening of cell wall

Radiate into cytoplasm

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36
Q

Describe stratified / compound epithelium & it’s function

A

Several layers
Superficial layers grow up from below
Basement membrane usually absent

Protects underlying structures

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37
Q

Describes Stratified squamous epithelium & give examples

A

Composed of different shaped cells
Deepest layer continuously multiples

Skin
Mucous membranes

38
Q

What are the 2 types of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Keratinised

Non-keratinised

39
Q

What are the 4 layers of keratinised stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Basal
Prickle
Granular
Keratin

40
Q

Describe basal layer

A

On move all the time. Cells pushing top too 24/7.
Single layer of cells at base
Repeatedly divide which pushes cells above surface.

41
Q

What happened to basal layer in areas of increased friction?

A

Basal layer folds. Which results in increased surface area called rete ridges

42
Q

What other features does the basal layer contain apart from rete ridges?

A

Dermal Papillae

43
Q

What is deal papillae?

A

Finger like projections of the connective tissue which extends into epithelium

44
Q

Describe prickle cell layer

A

Cells changes from cuboidal to polyhedral - which it has multiple layers of

45
Q

What are the prickles in prickle cell layer formed by?

A

Desmosomes

46
Q

What does polyhedral mean?

A

Many sided shaped

47
Q

Describe granular layer

A

1-5 layers of flattened polyhedral cells

Contains karatohyaline granules in cytoplasm

48
Q

Describes keratin layer

A

Outer layer of flattened cell remnants
Replaced by cells from below
Lost it’s nucleus - called squames

49
Q

Describe non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

A

Granular and keratin Layer absent
Prickle layer is flattened
Outer layer of flattened cells continuously sheds
2 layers only - prickle and basal

50
Q

What are the 2 layers of non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Prickle

Basal

51
Q

What is an example of non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium?

52
Q

What epithelium is gingiva?

A

Non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

53
Q

What is a membrane

A

Sheets of epithelial tissue that’s covers /lines internal structures and cavities

54
Q

What are the types of membranes?

A

Mucous
Serous
Synovial

55
Q

What does mucous membranes line?

A

Alimentary tract
Respiratory tract
Reproductive tract

56
Q

What does epithelial cells produce?

A

Produce secretion - goblet cells secrete mucous

57
Q

How does epithelial composition vary?

A

Depending on function and location

58
Q

How is oral epithelium / mucous membranes moistened?

A

Salivary gland fluid

59
Q

What is the function of mucous membranes?

A

Protection
Prevents chemical and mechanical injury (lubrication)
Prevents dehydration
Defence against micro-organisms and foreign particles

60
Q

What do serous membranes line?

A

Lines cavities NOT open to external environment- secrete lubricating fluid

61
Q

What does serous membrane consist of

A

2 layers of simple squamous epithelium

62
Q

What are the 2 layers of serous membranes?

A

Parietal layer

Visceral layer

63
Q

What is the function of the visceral layer? & what does it secrete?

A

Surrounds outside of organs

Secretes thin watery serous fluid

64
Q

What is the function of parietal layer? And what does it secrete?

A

Lines walls of cavities

Secretes thin watery serous fluid

65
Q

Where is the location of serous membranes?

A

Pleura
Pericardium
Peritoneum

66
Q

What is the pleura

A

Lining of the thorax

67
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Membrane enclosing the heart

68
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Lining of abdominal cavity

69
Q

What is the function of serous membranes

A

Allows organs to glide freely within the cavity

70
Q

What is the only membrane that’s not an epithelial one?

A

Synovial membrane

71
Q

What does synovial membrane consist of?

A

Areolar connective tissue and elastic fibres

72
Q

What do the synovial membrane cells secrete? And what is this called

A

Clear, sticky, oily fluid - synovial fluid

73
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

Clear, sticky, oily

74
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

Lubricates joints - maintain stability and prevents injury

75
Q

What is a gland

A

Groups of epithelial cells which produce a specialised secretion

76
Q

What is grandular epithelium

A

Is a type of epithelial tissue which covers the glands of the body

77
Q

What are the 2 main glands?

A

Endocrine

Exocrine

78
Q

Describe an exocrine gland and give examples

A

Discharges secretion onto epithelial surface is an organ
Eg. Salivary gland
Digestive gland

79
Q

Describe an endocrine gland and give examples

A 
Ductless 
Discharge hormones/chemical messengers directly into the blood stream 
Eg. Thyroid 
Adrenal
Pituitary
80
Q

What are the classifications of Excocrine glands

A

Simple
Compound
Tubular
Alveolar

81
Q

What is an example of simple tubular

A

Intestinal glands

82
Q

What is a simple duct structure

A

Duct that does not branch

83
Q

What is an example of simple branched tubular

A

Stomach glands

84
Q

What is an example of simple branches alveolar

A

Sebaceous glands

85
Q

What is an example of compound tubular

A

Duodenal glands of small intestine

86
Q

What is an example of compound alveolar

A

Mammary glands

87
Q

What is an example of compound tubuloalveolar

A

SALIVARY GLANDS!!!

88
Q

What are the simple duct structures

A

Simple tubular
Simple branched tubular
Simple alveolar
Simple branch alveolar

89
Q

What are the compound duct structures

A

Compound tubular
Compound alveolar
Compound tubuloalveolar

90
Q

Describe compound alveolar / tubuloalveolar

A

Complex glands

Arranged around central duct

91
Q

What does race mose gland mean

A

Salivary gland - glands that form a cluster

92
Q

What is a salivary gland

A

Compound tubuloalveolar

EPITHELIUM (2 decks)

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