Epigenetics, Environment And Inheritance Flashcards
What is the major mouse model example of how nutrition (folate) can impact epigenetic phenotype
Agouti mouse
What is the avy allele downstream of which affects avy expression if methylated
Retrotransposon iav
What happens when the avy gene not methylated vs when folate given
Yellow coat and obese
Hypermethtlation and avy repression if folate taken
Which chemical which is harmful to humans when mice exposed gave then the avy coat and obesity
BPA - through reduced cpg methylation
What environmental factor led to increased t2d in rats - example of gestational exposure
Maternal intake of a low protein diet/suboptimal diet = t2d risk
Which gene did the low protein diet methylate
Hnf2awhxih is needed for pancreatic differentiation and glucose homeostasis
What did post natal smoking cause methylation of which was similar to lung cancer bronchial epi cells
Dapk and p16
Which methyl donor do things like b12,b6 and folate increase availability of for methylation
SAM
Which genetic snp in what gene reduces folate serum levels so can’t influence methylation
Mthfr
What is lamarcks theory of acquired inheritance which makes sense for epigentic
If an organism adapts to better suit its needs eg giraffe long neck then this is inherited by the offspring as advantageous
What is weismanns germ plasm theory
The germ plasm is the essential component of egg and sperm which then passes on its hereditary material to the soma
Why is classic Darwinism wrong
Variations don’t just occur through genetic mutations. They can occur trough epi genetics
What is the issue with inherited methylation theories
They don’t account for the 2 reprogramming erase stages in development of a foetus
When are the 2 reprogramming stages
Upon zygote (egg) fertilisation
Upon establishing PGCs (progenitors of gametes in the embryo)
Why is methylation reestablished after reprogramming
For the differentiation of cells to form the embruo
Which genetic elements can escape programming
Retrotransposons
What did the overkalix study find which shows trans generational inheritance (evidence for lamarkian inheritance)
That during slow growing period (8-12 years) if the grandfather had too much food this caused increased diabetes mortality in the grandchild
If the father of the proband was exposed to lack of food, there were less cvd mortality in pro bands
Which chemical/fungicide when exposed can recuensperm count
Vinclozolin
Explain how vinclozolin exposure in mice of 3 generations showed epi genetic inheritance over 3 gens
5 genes in sperm cells of mice when the f0 mam was injected had differential methylation patterns
In f1 generation it reduced sperm count and the same pattern of methylation seen in 3 generations
The paternally imprinted sperm genes were hypermethylated vs maternal were hypomethylated
What did the mouse study on how f0 liver damage can protect and adapt the liver in the generations after show
There were different methylation patterns where antifibrotic genes were hypomethylated vs profibrogenic were hypermethylated
The mice had adapted their liver to not respond to liver damage via ccl4 with fibrosis development
= trans generational epigentic inheritance
