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Genetics and Human Disease > Epigenetics > Flashcards

Epigenetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a genome?

A

A complete set of inherited genetic information.

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2
Q

What is mosaicism?

A

The property or state of being composed of cells of two genetically different types.

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3
Q

What are single cell genomics?

A

Map the transcriptomics of the whole body.

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4
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Genes interacting with the environment for presenting characteristics?

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5
Q

Why do the genotype and the phenotype differ?

A

Because the genome can be read differently to give a different phenotype.

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6
Q

What makes a genome more complex?

A

Introns

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7
Q

What is the phenotype controlled by?

A

Gene regulation

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8
Q

What is the regulatory DNA?

A

Nucleic acid sequence capable of either increasing or decreasing expression of a gene

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9
Q

What is the role of regulatory DNA?

A

Operate as ‘post codes’ for the assembly of protein complexes that control the rate of transcription

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10
Q

How is a regulatory complex formed?

A

Chromatin loops over to joining enhancers and promoters

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11
Q

What happens when you replace the DNA in a fibroblast?

A

When MYOD is inserted it becomes a muscle cell.

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12
Q

Why does inserting MYOD into a fibroblast change it’s cell type?

A

Activates a present but not functional Transcription factor allowing for new information to be transcribed.

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13
Q

What are epigenetics?

A

Heritable changes in phenotype or gene expression caused by mechanisms other then changes in the underlying DNA sequence

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of chromatin?

A

Heterochromatin

Euchromatin

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15
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

Closed chromatin conformation , no transcription

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16
Q

What is eurochromatin?

A

Open chromatin conformation, transcription occurs

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17
Q

How does chromatin open?

A

Histone Lysine Acetylation Relaxes (Opens) Chromatin

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18
Q

Why does transcription stop when chromatin is deacetylated?

A

Tails stick out and can be seen by enzymes.

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19
Q

How does acetylation change chromatin position?

A

Positive-charged lysines are attracted to negative-charge DNA

Acetylation masks the negative charge which repels DNA to “open” chromatin.

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20
Q

What else can histone lysine acetylation do?

A

Write

Erase

Read

21
Q

How is histone lysine acetylation used to read DNA?

A

Binds to the acetyl group epigenetic markers allowing for the enzyme to attach.

22
Q

What happens to histone acetylation in cancer and why is that important?

A

Becomes dysregulated, and this allows for it to be a target for drugs.

23
Q

How is lysine methylation a gene regulator/

A

Doesn’t turn the gene off completely however but can speed up or slow down DNA replication or expression.

24
Q

What is HMT?

A

Histone methyltransferase

25
Q

What is HDM?

A

Histone demethylase

26
Q

What is the problem with jumping genes?

A

Must be switched off because they replicate like crazy

27
Q

What are CpG regions?

A

Promotor regions which can be used as an epigenetic platform.

28
Q

What happen when aberrant methylation occurs at CpG islands?

A

Cancer

29
Q

What is the role of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs)?

A

Writers

30
Q

What is the role of Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) proteins?

A

Erasers

31
Q

What is the role of Methyl-Domain binding (MBDs) proteins?

A

Readers

32
Q

What is the role of CG binding proteins?

A

Readers

33
Q

What is the agouti mouse?

A

Has unmethylated DNA which leads to the mouse being yellow and obese and later gets cancer and dies much younger.

34
Q

What vitamin is used for methylating DNA?

A

Folic acid

35
Q

What reduces the methylation in DNA?

A

Bisphenol A

36
Q

What is somatic cell divsion?

A

Daughter cells inherit their DNA methylome.

37
Q

What is somatic cell division regulated by?

A

The maintenance enzyme DNMT1.

38
Q

What is the advantage of somatic cell divison?

A

Enables the regeneration of specific cell types

39
Q

What is the germ-plasm or Weismann Barrier theory?

A

Somatic cells do not function as agents of heredity.

The flow of genetic information is one-way from ger plasm to soma, this cannot be reversed.

40
Q

What kind of epigenetic inheritance is there?

A

Intergenerational transmission

Multigenerational transmission

Transgenerational transmission

41
Q

What is intergenerational transmission?

A

Exposure leads to change in phenotype in children.

42
Q

What is multigenerational transmission?

A

Exposure leads to changes in phenotype in children and grandchildren.

43
Q

What is transgenerational transmission?

A

Exposure leads to changes in phenotype in children, grandchildren, and subsequent generations to exposed to initial insult.

44
Q

Does the epigenetic transmission of phenotypes change the gene sequence?

A

NO

45
Q

What are the developmental epigenetic barriers?

A

Two developmental phases where DNA methylation is “erased” and reprogrammed

46
Q

What are the 2 developmental phases where DNA methylation is “erased” and reprogrammed?

A

When primordial germ cells are being proliferated and are migrating to become oocytes.

When the zygotes divide after fertilization.

47
Q

How is DNA methylome analysis carried out?

A

Laser dissection

gDNA extraction

Bisulphite conversion to reveal mCpGs

Deep sequencing

48
Q

What is bisulphite sequencing?

A

Identify and quantify methylated DNA.

49
Q
A

Genetics and Human Disease (16 decks)

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