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Neuro > Epidemiology of neurological diseases > Flashcards

Epidemiology of neurological diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what are the priorities of public health in the light that a lot of neurological conditions don’t have any cure?

A

prevention

rehabilitation

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2
Q

what are examples of vaccine preventable neurological diseases?

A 
poliomyelitis 
tetanus 
meningococcus 
TB
measles 
H. influenzae
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3
Q

what is epidemiology?

A

The study of the DISTRIBUTION and DETERMINANTS of health-related STATES or EVENTS in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems

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4
Q

what is clinical epidemiology?

A

uses information about distribution and determinants in a clinical setting, especially in diagnosis

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5
Q

what are some of the issues in neuro-epidemiology?

A

issues with defining a case:

  • clinical
  • lab/imaging
  • pathology eg biopsy, post mortem

issues with case ascertainment ie diagnosis and reporting

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6
Q

what are the common neurological disorders of PH importance?

A 
Migraine headache
Stroke
Dementia
Epilepsy
Parkinson’s disease
Multiple Sclerosis
Cerebral palsy
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7
Q

what defines a migrane case?

A

unilateral pain distribution
premonitory (happens as a warning) visual disturbance
presence of nausea or vomiting

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8
Q

what are the risk factors for migraines?

A 
age
sex
sex hormones (oral contraceptive) 
FH
education
income
higher socioeconomic status get more migranes
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9
Q

describe the prevalence of migraines

A

peak age is 30-50
much higher in women than men
after the age of 50, migraine prevalence decreases

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10
Q

what is the definition of a stroke?

A

rapidly developing clinical signs of focal (at times global) disturbance of cerebral function lasting MORE THAN 24 HOURS or LEADING TO DEATH with no apparent cause other than VASCULAR origin

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11
Q

what are the aetiological classifications of stroke?

A

thrombosis
embolism
haemorrhage

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12
Q

what are the risk factors for stroke?

A 
age 
sex - men > women
hypertension
smoking 
alcohol consumption
cardiac disease 
diabetes 
hypercholesterolaemia
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13
Q

give three causes of dementia

A

genetic eg Huntingtons
cardiovascular eg multi-infarct
multifactorial eg AD

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14
Q

what is PH doing for dementia currently?

A

opportunistic screening for memory loss ( as part of the NHS health check - a health check-up for adults in England aged 40-74, designed to spot early signs of stroke, kidney disease, heart disease, type 2 diabetes or dementia)
awareness campaigns

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15
Q

what is the definition of epilepsy

A

a condition characterised by recurrent epileptic seizures unprovoked by any immediate identified cause

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16
Q

what is the pattern of the incidence of epilepsy?

A

u shpaed curve - highest at less than 20 years old and over 6os

17
Q

list some causes of epilepsy

A 
genetic factors 
febrile seizures
head injuries
bacterial/parasitic infections
viral meningo-encephalitides
toxic agents
18
Q

how is parksinson’s disease defined?

A

tremor, rigidity, akinesia

19
Q

which type of neurological diseases are preventable?

A

infectious causes

20
Q

how does parkinson’s correlate with smoking?

A

less common in smokers

21
Q

what is Parkinsonism?

A

drug induced movemement disorder

that is non progressive

22
Q

at what age is MS most commonly diagnosed?

A

20-35 years

23
Q

give an example of a condition whose diagnosis is made post-mortem?

A

dementia

24
Q

what is cerebral palsy?

A

Non-progressive brain damage before or during neo-natal period

25
Q

what are the risk factors for cerebral palsy?

A

anoxia

low birth weight

26
Q

what is CJD?

A

Neuro-degenerative disease (dementia)

Rapidly progressive dementia, abnormal EEG, cerebellar signs, myoclonus

27
Q

what is the average age of onset of CJD?

A

55-75

28
Q

what is vCJD?

A

Neuro-degenerative disease similar to CJD
Peak incidence at 27 years
genetic susceptibility

29
Q

what is the biggest risk factor for stroke?

A

hypertension

30
Q

what are the disadvantages of dementia screening?

A

there is no cure so may not be much benefit

it is difficult to distinguish from other causes of memory loss

31
Q

what are the disadvantages of dementia screening?

A

there is no cure so may not be much benefit

it is difficult to determine whether the current symptoms are due to dementia or not

32
Q

what is the flow diagram for epidemiology?

A
  1. Case definition
  2. Incidence, prevalence, trends
  3. Risk factors
  4. Scope for prevention

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