Epidemiology of microbial disease

Question 1

Epidemiology

Answer 1

The study of the distribution and determents of health-related states in populations and the application of that information in the control of health problems. (common and non common factors)

Question 2

Endemic

Answer 2

An infectious diseases that occurs continuously in a population, or one that occurs in predictable cycles

Question 3

Sporadic

Answer 3

A disease that occurs occasionally, or in scattered instances. May be severe but confined to a small population, No predictable pattern

Question 4

Epidemic

Answer 4

An infectious disease that affects many people at the same time in the same geographical area. Frequency and occurrence greater than can be explained

Question 5

Pandemic

Answer 5

Disease affecting a large number of people in a large geographical region, or a disease that is epidemic at the same time in many different parts of the world

Question 6

Infection

Answer 6

implies an interaction between two living things, a parasite and a host
If parasite successful disease results, if host successful immunity may develop

Question 7

Infectious disease

Answer 7

Is one capable of being transmitted, with or without contact. Pre-trains to a disease caused by a microorganism

Question 8

communicable disease

Answer 8

One that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another via bodily fluids, feces, food, water, hands, aerosol droplets, or inanimate objects. (harder to get)

Question 9

contagious disease

Answer 9

Easily transmitted from host to host by causal cutaneous contact or respiratory droplets

Question 10

6 chains of transmission

Answer 10

Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptibility of host

Question 11

Infectious agent

Answer 11

Number and type of virulence factors determine its degree of pathogenicity and the strength of organism in its ability to cause disease

Question 12

Reservoir

Answer 12

Refers to person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil, or substance in which an infectious organism normally lives and multiplies (source of an infection)
Show signs and symptom

Question 13

Portal of exit

Answer 13

Means by which the infectious agent leaves the reservoir via feces, blood, mucus, saliva, contaminated water.
Covering sneezes, purging water lines can help break this chain

Question 14

portal of entry

Answer 14

Potential pathogens enter the body through a variety of portals such as respiratory system, skin, digestive system, blood. Masks, face shields, gloves, hand hygiene can all reduce the risk

Question 15

susceptibility of host

Answer 15

Individuals with poor health, chronically fatigued, under extreme stress, or receiving medical treatment are at greater risk for developing an infection

Maintain good diet, exercise, sleep and weight control combined with hand hygiene, up to date vaccines help control this link

Question 16

Contact transmission

Answer 16

indirect contact, direct contact, droplet contact

Question 17

airborne transmission

Answer 17

Exposure to various sized airborne particles that carry pathogenic microorganismsLargest to smallest: splatter, droplet, mists, aerosols (the smaller penetrate deeper)

Question 18

Parenteral transmission

Answer 18

Introduction to material into the blood stream
Needle stick injuries, incisions, animal bites, cuts, abrasions, insect bites, contaminated needles or surgical instruments, or unprotected sex (blood borne pathogens)

Question 19

enteral transmission

Answer 19

Entry of microorganisms through the oral route
Contaminated food, water contaminated with fecal material

Question 20

Vector transmission

Answer 20

Disease-producing organisms by insects or other arthropods (tics, spiders) bite transfers the parasite into the blood

Question 21

Nosocomial infection

Answer 21

Infection acquired within a hospital or treatment facility
Includes the: nature of medical producers, number of compromised patients, use of antimicrobials and disinfectants, and presentence of resistant microorganisms

Question 22

Lactogenic infection

Answer 22

Inadvertent or intended adverse effect or complication resulting from medical treatment by a medical professional
- Example - bones infection that develops following a hip replacement surgery

Question 23

Opportunistic infection

Answer 23

infection caused by opportunists, or microorganisms that cause disease in comprised individuals
‘takes the opportunity” - normally part of the bodies normal flora

Question 24

Cross infection

Answer 24

Transferred from one individual or site to another either directly or indirectly.
Client to dental team, dental team to client, client to client, dental offices to community, community to dental office