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3F Epidemiology FINAL > Epidemiology Of Eye And Vision Disorders > Flashcards

Epidemiology Of Eye And Vision Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

____ of world popoulation are visually impaired

A

3.4%

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2
Q

Aged of blind worldwide

A

More likely to be blind if you are above age 60

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3
Q

Prevalence of blindness in the world

A

More prevalent in African countries and Asia and South America

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4
Q

Trend of global visual impairment prevalence

A
  • 80% of all visual impairment is preventable
  • in the past 25 years, global visual impairment has decreased
  • increased socioeconimic development
  • concerted public health action
  • increased availability of eye care services
  • awareness of the general population to vision care services
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5
Q

Uncorrected refractive errors in the world

A

53%

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6
Q

World wide cause of modern to severe visual impairment

A 
Uncorrected refractive errors (53%)
In-operated cataracts
ARMD
Glaucoma 
DR
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7
Q

Worldwide causes of blindness

A 
CATARACTS (48%)
glaucoma 
AMD
Corneal opacity
DR
Childhood blindness
Trachoma
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8
Q

Trachoma

A
  • caused by bacterial/intracellular parasite CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Different strain than adult inclusion conjunctivitis (not an STD). Seen in crowded living conditions with poor sanitation
  • direct transmission-women and kids and kids and kids-discharge from eyes or nose. Hands, towels, clothing can be reservoirs. FLIES can act as VECTORS by transferring the bacteria from eye infected to uninflected host
  • once ENDEMIC to North America and Europe, now in developing countries
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9
Q

Signs of trachoma

A
  • follicular conjunctivitis
  • conjunctival scarring
  • cicatricial entropion, trichiasis
  • corneal scarring
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10
Q

Mexico and trachoma

A
  • in state of Chiapas endemic in 246 communities
  • 1800 CASES IN 2004, 0 IN 2017
  • SAFE: surgery, Abx, facial cleanliness, environmental improvement
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11
Q

Blindness and preventable ness

A
  • 90% of worlds blind live in developing countries
  • 80% of global blindness result of 5 preventable or treatable conditions:
Refractive error 
Cataract
Trachoma 
Onchocerciasis (RIVER BLINDNESS)
Vitamin A deficiency
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12
Q

Onchocerciasis

A
  • cased by PARASITIC WORM onchocerca volvulus, inserted into host by BLACKFLY BITE (VECTOR)
  • fly develops in FLOWING WATER
  • Second most common cause of infectious blindness to trachoma
  • LARVAL FORM LIVES IN SKIN AND EYE
  • ocular effects (ant seg more common): keratitis, uveitis, chorio-retinitis, glaucoma
  • prevention-aerial spraying to kill vector
  • treatment-ivermectin (PO) kills larvae
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13
Q

Countries with onchocerciasis

A

South America, Brazil (most common)

Africa

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14
Q

Children blindness worldwide

A
  • 1,4mill kids 0-14 years old ar blind-BVA in better eye less than 3/60
  • THIS PREVALENCE NUMBER IS LOW BECAUSE BLIND CHIDLREN DIE YOUNGER THAN THOSE WHO ARE SIGHTED. Over 60% thought to die within a year of becoming blind
  • > 12mill children ages 5-15 visually impaired due to incrreocted refractive errors
  • LEADING CAUSE OF CHILDHOOD BLINDNESS-VITAMIN A DEFICEINCY
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15
Q

Vit A deficiency

A
  • problem for pregnant women as well as children
  • ASSOCIATED WITH MEASLES
  • many ocualr manifestations: night blindness (rhodopsin), xerophthalmia (DRY EYES)
  • XErophthlamia: bitot spots (build up of keratin on bulbar conjunctiva), keratomalacia (corneal ulceration and necrosis)
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16
Q

World wide map of vit A deficiency

A

Most common in Africa, Central Asia, India, Mexico

17
Q

US blindness

A
  • LEGAL BLINDNESS-20/200 best corrected or <20 degrees of VF in the better seeing eye
  • 1.3 MILLION PERSONS with legal blindness (0.5%)
  • 20% of legally blind individuals have logistical perception or worse
  • 14 million people with low vision
18
Q

NEI data

A

National eye institute, in collaboration with worlds leading epidemiologists and Prevent Blindness America estimated prevalence rates of major eye disease in US based on 2010 US census

19
Q

Prevalence rates of cataracts by age and race in 2010 in US

A

Increase in prevalence among all groups over 40

Seems to be a higher rate of whites starting around age 70

20
Q

Cases of cataracts in 2000 and 2010

A

Higher in 2010 by 4 million more

-population also increased in this time period as well

21
Q

Projections for cataract in 2030 and 2050 in millions

A

All races will increase over the time

22
Q

Prevalence rates for DR by age and race

A
  • Increased in all races over time (percentages, not actual individuals)
  • the highest after 49 age range is significantly HISPANICS
23
Q

2010 US prevalent cases of DR by gender

A

About equal

24
Q

Projections for DR in 2030 and 2050 (in millions)

A
  • this is not percentages, this is millions of people
  • overall, all races increase over time
  • whites stay the same from 2030-2050
  • highest is whites, because there is a greater number of whites than the other groups in US
  • Hispanics is really higher for number in population over time
25
Q

2010 US prevalence rates for glaucoma by age and race

A
  • percentage
  • increased prevalence among all groups with age
  • much higher prevalence among blacks, especially older age range (almost 12% of black population 80+)
26
Q

2010 US prevalent cases of glaucoma by gender

A

More in females (61%)

-could be influenced by age

27
Q

Projections for glaucoma in 2030 and 2050 in millions

A

-all groups increase with glaucoma in the future

28
Q

2010 US prevalence rates for ARMD by age and race

A
  • percentage stays fairly low until late 60s. Starts at age 50.
  • fairly similar across all ethnic groups until age 70
  • whites sky rocket after age 70
29
Q

2010 US prevalent cases of ARMD by gender

A 
Females more (65%)
-there are more older females than males
30
Q

Cases of ARMD in 2000 and 2010 in millions

A

In 2010, there are .30million more

31
Q

Projections for ARMD in 2030 and 2050 in millions

A

All groups increase over time

-particularly among whites

32
Q

2010 US prevalence rates myopia above age 40

A
  • percentages
  • white has higher rate
  • decreases with aging, especially after 40
  • drops uniformly until mid 70s for all groups and then it increases among all groups. This is due to nuclear sclerosis
33
Q

Myopia by gender

A

More female than male (54%)

34
Q

Myopia over time

A

Increase in all groups

35
Q

2010 prevalence rates of hyperopia

A

Increases linearly with age over 40

Greater in whites

36
Q

Hyperopia and gender

A

More female (60%)

37
Q

Hyperopia over time

38
Q

Prevalence rates for all vision impairment in US

A 
Increases in all ethnic groups from 70 up 
Especially whites (probably due to ARMD)
39
Q

“Problems seeing” US estimates

A
  • 19 MILLION persons (9%) age 18 and older report trouble seeing, even with correction
  • 8 MILLION persons (3%) age 6 and older, 5 million (12%) of those 65 and older, difficulty seeing newspapers print, even with correction
  • ONE OUT OF 20 preschool kids have visoin problem that affects ability to learn

3F Epidemiology FINAL (5 decks)

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