Epidemiology-McFarland

Question 1

What studies are descriptive studies?

Answer 1

• surveillance
• case studies
• cross-sectional
• ecologic

Question 2

What studies are analytic studies?

Answer 2

Experimental
-Clinical trial
-Community
Observational
-Cohort
    *Prospective and Restrospective
-Case-Control

Question 3

What do case-control studies tell you?

Answer 3

determinants of disease

Question 4

What do ecologic studies tell you?

Answer 4

Distribution of disease

Question 5

What is this:
collects data from a group of people to assess frequency of disease (and related risk factors) at a particular point in time.
Asks “what is happening?”

Answer 5

Cross-sectional study

-Observational

Question 6

What is this:
Compares a group of people with a disease to a group without disease. Looks for prior exposure or risk factor. Asks “what happened?”

Answer 6

Case-control study (observational and retrospective)

Question 7

What does a cross-sectional study measure?

Answer 7

-Disease prevalence

Can show risk factor association with disease, but does not establish causality

Question 8

What does a case-control study measure?

Answer 8

-Odds ratio (OR)

Patients with COPD had higher odds of history of smoking than those without COPD had

Question 9

What is this:
Compares a group with a given exposure or risk factor to a group without such exposure. Looks to see if exposure increases the likelihood of disease. Can be prospective (asks “who will develop disease?”) or retrospective (asks, “who developed the disease (exposed vs nonexposed?”)

Answer 9

Cohort Study

Question 10

What does a cohort study measure?

Answer 10

relative risk (RR)
"smokers had a higher risk of developing COPD than nonsmokers had"

Question 11

What is this:
(# of existing cases of a disease)/(# in candidate population)
Over a specified period of time

Answer 11

Prevalence

Question 12

What is this:
(# of new cases of a disease)/(# in candidate population)
Over a specified period of time

Answer 12

Cumulative Incidence (incidence proportion)

Question 13

What is this:

of new cases of a disease

Answer 13

incidence rate

Question 14

What are the relative measures of comparison?

Answer 14

Ratios

• prevalence ratio
• risk ratio
• rate ratio
• odds ratio

Question 15

What are the absolute measures of comparison?

Answer 15

• prevalence difference
• risk difference
• rate difference

Question 16

In case control studies you use a (blank) ratio

Answer 16

odds

Question 17

What does temporality tell you?

Answer 17

whether there is evidence that exposure preceded disease

Question 18

If you have a P value less than .001 then what does this mean?

Answer 18

The null hypothesis is rejected

Question 19

How do you increase external validity?

Answer 19

• Use random sampling
• Use large sample sizes
• High response rate

Question 20

What is this:

all cases are not detected at the same stage of the disease (cancer)

Answer 20

lead-time bias

Question 21

What is this:

if a subject knows that he/she is being observed or being investigated, their behavior and response can change

Answer 21

Hawthorne Effect

Question 22

What three things must confounding variables be associated with?

Answer 22

• associated with exposure (causally or non-causally)
• associated (causally) with the outcome, independent of the exposure
• Not be an intermediate variable in the causal pathway

Question 23

Whats the most common cause of death in Nevada?

Answer 23

Diseases of the heart

typically older (greater than 65) and black

Question 24

What were the conclusions of the article?

Answer 24

• women and men had differing access
• low proportions of both men and women met the recommended benchmarks for timeliness of procedures
• women with anxiety and men and women with no chest pain and traditional risk factors and with feminine gender identity were at increased risk for poor access to care.