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Epidemiology Final Exam > Epidemiology Final Exam > Flashcards

Epidemiology Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is the world’s deadliest animal/insect?

A

Mosquitoes, over one million people worldwide die from mosquito borne diseases every year. (cause the most death and disease worldwide)

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2
Q

What type of mosquito is responsible for dengue fever?

A

Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopictus

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3
Q

What type of mosquito is responsible for West Nile Virus?

A

Culex spp.

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4
Q

What type of mosquito is responsible for Malaria?

A

Anopheles

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5
Q

What is the most prominent mosquito in North America?

A

Culex

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of Malaria?

A

High fever, shaking, chills, flu like symptoms, nausea/vomiting. However, in more severe cases you can see cerebral malaria, severe anemia, hemoglobinuria, acute respiratory distress, and abnormalities in blood coagulation.

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7
Q

What is the incubation period of malaria?

A

7-30 days

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8
Q

What disease can you experience relapses of symptoms?

A

Malaria. Relapses can last months to even years.

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9
Q

How does someone get infected by malaria?

A

Through a bite from an infected mosquito. The infected saliva enters the bloodstream.

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10
Q

What is the life cycle of an infected mosquito?

A

Infected mosquito bites person→ parasite travels to the liver where it replicates→ lives in liver 7-30 days (incubation period) → released from liver into the blood (where symptoms start) → invades red blood cells → cells burst

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11
Q

True or false. All infections are spread by male mosquitos.

A

False. Only females because they are the only ones that need a blood meal. Blood meals are needed to lay eggs.

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12
Q

Can mosquitoes get infected by humans?

A

Yes, mosquitos can get infected from biting an infected human. Then they can spread to other humans. → outbreak

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13
Q

Is malaria a reportable disease in Ontario?

A

No, it used to be but Malaria is endemic and we really only see it with travellers. Infected person will come back to Ontario and then will have to be bit by an anopheles mosquito and THEN spread

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14
Q

Can people develop an immunity to malaria?

A

Yes, if you develop malaria often enough your body can develop an acquired immunity to the disease. However, if you move to a place like Canada where malaria is not common, your body can lose this immunity → or it can weaken

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15
Q

What is another way immunity in malaria can be decreased?

A

Pregnancy, also makes for a greater chance for the baby to be born prematurely or with a low birth weight. (if you have malaria and become pregnant)

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16
Q

What are ways you can decrease the chances of developing malaria?

A

Do not travel to places where malaria is high, if you do take anti-malarial drugs (is not fully effective like a vaccine, but help), drugs must be taken before-during-after travel, there is also a vaccine available for children.

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17
Q

Where are anopheles mosquitos found?

A

Fresh or saltwater marshes. Can lay eggs in running water, unlike other mosquitoes.

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18
Q

When do anopheles mosquitoes feed?

A

Dawn and Dusk

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19
Q

What is malaria? Bacteria, virus, or parasite?

A

Parasite

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20
Q

How is west nile spread?

A

Culex feed on infected birds, and then spread infection through biting

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21
Q

What is the incubation period of west nile?

A

2-14 days

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of west nile?

A

Usually mild. But ⅕ people will develop fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue and rash. With more severe cases (1/150) infected people with develop neurological infections including high fever, stiff neck, disorientation, or confusion, seizures, partial paralysis, and encephalitis.

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23
Q

Who does west nile usually impact?

A

Usually the elderly, but not always.

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24
Q

What is the transmission cycle of west nile virus?

A

Reservoir (birds) → mosquito → human or horse
Horse is a dead end host. There is a vaccine for horses infected, not for humans. Humans cannot spread west nile virus to mosquitoes.

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25
Q

When do culex mosquitoes feed?

A

Dawn and Dusk

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26
Q

Where do culex mosquitoes breed?

A

Stagnant water where there is organic matter.

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27
Q

How long does the life cycle of a culex mosquito take?

A

8-10 days from egg to adult. Hot weather speeds this lifecycle. Hot weather = 5-7 day lifecycle. Hot weather will also make disease more deadly.

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28
Q

How did west nile come to ontario?

A

Infected birds flew to ontario, where west nile was not present. People would phone in hundreds of dead birds→ tested for west nile virus. Became endemic after this occurrence.

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29
Q

Where does west nile breed?

A

Catch basins often host a stagnant pool of water→ regularly clean them out→ larvicide stops mosquito from growing to adult form.

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30
Q

What are ways you can avoid west nile?

A

Avoid mosquito bites, wear DEET, long sleeves and light colours, reduce breeding habitat around houses (any stagnant water that lasts longer than 7 days), have a filter in personal swimming pools

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31
Q

What is the leading cause of illness and death in the tropics and subtropics?

A

Dengue virus. (not just in mosquitoes but EVERYTHING)

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32
Q

What is dengue fever also known as?

A

Breakbone fever, because the pain is so bad it feels like you are breaking your bones.

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33
Q

What are other symptoms of dengue fever?

A

Sudden high fever, headaches, pain behind the eyes, SEVERE joint and muscle pain, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, *LARGE skin rash that appears 2-5 days later

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34
Q

What is the incubation period of dengue fever?

A

4-7 days, and lasts 3-10 days (some people do not get better)

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35
Q

What is the Aedes Aegypti mosquito also known as?

A

The tiger mosquito due to its stripes.

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36
Q

When do the Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes like to feed?

A

Aggressive day time biter (they can feed from multiple people during one feeding), unlike other mosquitoes that like to feed during dusk and dawn where people are not commonly out. They have adapted to live alongside humans easily.

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37
Q

Is lyme disease caused by bacteria, parasite, or virus

A

Bacteria

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38
Q

How many ways can lyme disease be transmitted?

A

Can ONLY be transmitted through a bite of an infected tick

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39
Q

How does the bacteria get introduced into the human in lyme?????

A

An infected tick bites a human, and introduces their saliva into the humans bloodstream

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40
Q

Why is there so much discourse on lyme disease?

A

Lyme does not stay in the blood stream so it is hard to detect. You can test for an immune response, but it is hard to get an accurate test. People also have different immune responses therefore its harder to detect.

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41
Q

What is the incubation period of Lyme?

A

3-30 days after being bitten, some people do not realize they were bitten

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42
Q

What are symptoms of Lyme?

A

Most distinguishable symptom is the bullseye rash, but other symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, muscle and joint pain, and swollen lymph nodes. (easy to solve if found early)

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43
Q

If left untreated what symptoms can occur with lyme disease?

A

Ongoing severe headaches, Facial paralysis, cardiac disorders, neurological disorders, arthritis, (very rarely) death. ***once severe symptoms occur the disease can only be managed, but not fully eliminated.

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44
Q

What type of tick transmits anaplasmosis?

A

Black legged tick (same as lyme)

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45
Q

What is the incubation period of anaplasmosis?

A

1-2 weeks after being bit by an infected tick

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46
Q

What are the symptoms of anaplasmosis?

A

High high, Fever, headache, chills, and muscle aches. If left untreated and gets to the late stage symptoms can include respiratory failure, bleeding problems, organ failure, death.

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47
Q

Where is anaplasmosis most common?

A

Border along the states and canada,

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48
Q

What is a zoonotic disease?

A

Infectious diseases spread from animals to animals

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49
Q

What is a vector?

A

Any organism that transmits a disease or parasite from one animal or plant to another

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50
Q

What is ONE HEALTH?

A

The idea that animals and humans are linked, there is spill over. (Infectious diseases can go between animals and humans).

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51
Q

What is psittacosis AKA?

A

Parrot Fever

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52
Q

What animals are pssittacosis most often associated with?

A

Birds, but mostly pet birds, poultry, and ducks

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53
Q

How is psittacosis commonly spread?

A

Primarily transmitted by breathing in dust from the dried secretions of bird bites and beak tunnel contact// kissing birds

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54
Q

Can psittacosis be spread by undercooked bird meat?

A

No. Not a foodborne illness. Also not spread person to person

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55
Q

What are symptoms of psittacosis?

A

Fever and chills, headache, muscle aches, dry cough. Most commonly think you have a cold, but more severe cases have pneumonia like symptoms that can lead to death.

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56
Q

Who is most likely to get psittacosis?

A

Pet shop workers, farmers, bird owners.

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57
Q

What is the incubation period of psittacosis?

A

7-14 days. (why you quarantine birds in pet stores)

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58
Q

What are control measures of psittacosis?

A

Control infections among birds, use water or disinfection to wet surfaces, provide PPE to workers, no vaccine.

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59
Q

How is cat scratch fever spread?

A

Spreads when an infected cat licks a person’s open wound, or botes or scratches a person hard enough to break the surface of the skin

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60
Q

Is cat scratch fever common?

A

Yes, about 40% of all cats are carriers at some point in their life

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61
Q

What is the incubation period of cat scratch fever?

A

3-14 days

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62
Q

How are cats exposed to cat scratch fever?

A

Cats are primarily infected by flea bites and flea droppings getting into wounds, so it is mostly a cycle between fleas and cats.

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63
Q

What are symptoms of Cat scratch fever?

A

Mild infection at site of the bite, may appear swollen and red with round lesions that have pus. If infection develops and its left untreated it can lead to infection in the bones, joints, lung, or spleen. Lymph nodes will become swollen.

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64
Q

What are prevention measures for cat scratch disease?

A

Flea control for cats, do not touch stray cats, thorough cleaning of cat scratches may help, dont play rough with cats, keep cats nails trimmed, wash hands, keep cats inside.

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65
Q

How can toxoplasmosis infection occur?

A

Eating undercooked, contaminated meat (mostly pork). Drinking water contaminated with the parasite, coming into contact with the parasite from cleaning the cats litter box, touching cats. Pregnant woman passing onto fetus in utero (congenital)

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66
Q

Is toxoplasmosis a bacteria, parasite, or virus?

A

Parasite

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67
Q

Who is most at risk with toxoplasmosis?

A

Pregnant woman.

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68
Q

What are the symptoms of toxoplasmosis?

A

Healthy people often show no symptoms→ mild flu like symptoms.
Congenital infection can be passed onto the baby which can be passed onto the unborn baby: resulting in misscarriage/stillborn, abnormal enlargement or small of the head, vision loss, mental disability and seizures.
Persons with ocular disease→ eye infection, inflammatory lesions, ocular disease
Immunocompromised→ may experience severe symptoms

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69
Q

What is the treatment for toxoplasmosis?

A

There is an antiparasitic that can help, but it only stops further symptoms of occuring .

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70
Q

What are prevention measures for toxoplasmosis?

A

Keep cats indoors, do not allow pets to drink untreated water, do not let pets eat raw meat, do not allow pets to have access to sandboxes, good rodent control, clean litter box frequently, proper food handling (wash veggies, avoid cross contamination), wash hands, educating pregnant women, avoid contact with litter, cook raw meat, don’ t drink untreated water, don’t let kids eat soil, wash our fruits and veggies. NO NEW CATS FOR PREGNANT WOMEN

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71
Q

What is zoonotic disease is especially prevalent in north america, europe, asia, found in foxes, coyotes, and dogs.

A

Echinococcosis

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72
Q

How is echinococcosis transmitted?

A

The ingestion of eggs in feces, in contaminated food, water, or petting contaminated animals.

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73
Q

What is the incubation period for echinococcosis?

A

5-15 years

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74
Q

What is the mortality rate of echinococcosis?

A

50%-75%

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75
Q

What is the treatment like for echinococcosis?

A

It is similar to the treatment for toxoplasmosis, we can try and help the spread of the disease where its at, but we cannot reverse or remove the symptoms that they are experiencing already.

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76
Q

How can you prevent the spread of echinococcosis?

A

Avoid contact with wild animals such as foxes, coyotes and even wild dogs. Limit the interactions between dogs and rodent populations. Education of pet owners and high risk occupations, wear PPE when handling animal carcasses, deworm cats and dogs regularly, wash hands regularly.

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77
Q

What are the reservoirs for hantavirus?

A

Deer mice and the white footed mouse, depending on the region you reside.

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78
Q

What is the primary risk for hantavirus?

A

Rodent infestation

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79
Q

What are the modes of transmission for hantavirus?

A

Airborne (inhalation), through the bite of an infected rodent (rare), direct contact (suspected), ingestion of food contaminated with feces or urine of rodent.

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80
Q

How is hantavirus shed from the rodents?

A

Droppings, urine and saliva.

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81
Q

What are the symptoms of hantavirus?

A

Fatigue, fever, and muscle aches, especially in the large muscle groups, thighs, hops and back, Headaches, dizziness, chills, and abdominal problems. (flu symptoms)
Late symptoms: Coughing and shortness of breath, lungs fill with fluid

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82
Q

What is the mortality rate of hantavirus?

A

38%.

83
Q

What kinds of animals transmit rabies?

A

Mammals: skunks, foxes, raccoons, bats, dogs and cats.

84
Q

How is rabies ONLY spread?

A

Saliva or brain/nervous system tissue entering a wound.

85
Q

What is the NUMBER ONE thing we need to work on with rabies?

A

Prevention, if a rabies case advances enough it is very unlikely/impossible to treat.

86
Q

What is the incubation period of rabies in animals?

A

Could be weeks to months (3-12 weeks commonly). Animals die usually within 7 days from becoming ill.

87
Q

What are the symptoms of rabies in humans?

A

Starts with flu like symptoms, but develops into much more severe symptoms like delerium, abnormal behavior, hallucinations, and insomnia. Almost always fatal.

88
Q

Who is most at risk of developing rabies?

A

People who work with animals, spelunkers, traveling to rabies endemic places, children.

89
Q

How can we prevent the transmission of rabies?

A

Vaccination of pets, which is not always available in countries where there is endemic rabies. Therefore making resources available to everyone is needed.

90
Q

What is the treatment for rabies?

A

Wash immediately with soap and water, observe animals for signs of rabies, if someone needs PEP give PEP.

91
Q

How long do we monitor dogs for during a rabies investigation? (observation period)

A

10 days. If the animal is alive and well, we can assume the bitten person did not have exposure to rabies.

92
Q

True or False. Rabies can only be detected in alive humans and animals.

A

False! Rabies can only be detected post mortem.

93
Q

When do we give PEP in rabies?

A

Only in the case where we do not have any information on the animal, or the situation is very high risk and you cannot wait.

94
Q

How many deaths worlwide per year of rabies?

A

60 000

95
Q

True or False. Canine Rabies is one of the oldest and deadliest infectious disease?

A

True

96
Q

How many lives yearly are saved by tick prevention methods?

A

2.9 million

97
Q

True or False. 95% of all rabies deaths occur in africa and asia?

A

true

98
Q

What % of rabies coverage in the canine population can stop the spread of rabies to humans?

A

70%

99
Q

What is the best way to prevent rabies?

A

Vaccinating animals.

100
Q

True or False. Rabies Immunoglobulin needs to be administered 4-5 times.

A

False

101
Q

True or False. Wild animals should be monitored for 48 hours to see if they show signs of rabies.

A

False

102
Q

True or False. Legionella can spread through a home a/c?

A

False

103
Q

Can legionella be spread person to person?

A

No

104
Q

What makes anthrax a good agent to use for bio-terrorism?

A

It is found in the environment, it can be added to sprays, powders, food, or water, it can be released without anyone knowing.

105
Q

What form of anthrax is the most deadly?

A

Inhalation

106
Q

Can tuberculosis be spread in the latent and active form?

A

no

107
Q

How is tuberculosis spread?

A

Aerosolization

108
Q

You cannot get or pass on STIs if you always wear condoms.

A

Myth

109
Q

A cervical smear includes testing for STIs

A

Myth

110
Q

STIs among older adults are on the rise.

A

Fact

111
Q

All STIs are curable

A

Myth

112
Q

Rates of ghonnerea and syphilis are increasing.

A

Fact

113
Q

Health workers are 60% more likely to develop Hep B

A

Fact

114
Q

Who is not a high risk group for developing an STI or BBI?

A

Pregnant women

115
Q

You cannot pass an STI through oral sex.

A

Myth

116
Q

If you have sex with someone who has an STI you have definitely have acquired the STI.

A

Myth

117
Q

You can get an STI from a toilet seat.

A

Myth

118
Q

Bloodborne illnesses are harder to kill outside of the body than other viruses,

A

Myth

119
Q

Gonorrhea is more commonly known as the clap

A

Fact

120
Q

Only people that participate in risky sex should get tested for STI’s.

A

Myth

121
Q

Why is legionella not covered in the waterborne lecture?

A

Legionella bacteria likes to live and grow in water but it is spread via airborne transmission, so the water has to become aerosolized and people breathe it in and become ill.

122
Q

What is a common side effect of Legionella?

A

Pneumonia like symptoms

123
Q

What disease is a less severe form of legionella?

A

Pontiac fever, so if a healthy adult comes into contact with legionella bacteria they are more likely to develop pontiac fever, not full blown legionellosis.

124
Q

How is legionella spread?

A

The inhalation of small droplets of water. NEEDS TO BE INHALED.

125
Q

Where is legionella found?

A

Naturally found in freshwater environments, like lakes and streams. However, it can be a health concern when it grows in human made building water symptoms. DOES NOT LIKE SALTWATER. Likes warm water.

126
Q

What types of systems are concerned for legionella?

A

Cooling towers, shower heads, faucets, hot tubs. Self- service car washes. Large cooling systems are the largest concern.

127
Q

Why are home cooling systems not much of a concern for legionella?

A

Home cooling systems do not use water to cool the air, they more remove moisture out of the air and cool it that way,

128
Q

Who is most at risk for developing legionella?

A

People over the age of 50, if you have or do smoke, chronic lung disease, immune system disorders, systemic malignancy, underlying illness such as diabetes, renal failure, hepatic failure, exposure to hot tubs, exposure to hotels, resorts, and cruise ships, an overnight stay outside of your home. (hotel, health care facility etc.)

129
Q

How do legionella and pontiac fever differ?

A

Pontiac fever has a shorter incubation period of 24-72 hours after exposure (not 2-10 days). Not fatal vs. 10%-15% fatality rate.

130
Q

Is tuberculosis a bacteria, parasite, or virus?

A

Bacteria

131
Q

`How is tuberculosis spread?

A

Spread through the air through person to person transmission.

132
Q

`Why is it significant that tuberculosis is so small?

A

Just like we learned in air quality, the smaller the particulate the smaller it can travel within your body. When the bacteria are breathed in it can settle in the lungs and begin to grow. It can move through the blood to other parts of the body, such as the kidney, spine and brain.

132
Q

`True or False. Only TB in the lungs or throat can be infectious.

A

true

133
Q

`What is the difference between the 2 forms of TB?

A

Latent TB infection: We have the bacteria in our lungs but it is not causing an infection. Does not harm us, and does not transmit to others.
TB disease: Active, can transmit to others.

134
Q

`What are common ways that TB is spread?

A

Talking, coughing, singing (there has been outbreaks associated with choir lmao). We CANNOT transmit TB through shaking hands, sharing food, kissing. We must have expelled breath from our lungs!

135
Q

What are the symptoms of TB?

A

A bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer, pain in the chest, coughing up blood or sputum/phlegm, weakness, weight loss (50-80 pounds in weeks!!!), no appetite, chills, fever, sweating at night, symptoms of TB disease in other parts of the body depend on the area affected. **Remember, there is no symptoms in a latent infection.

136
Q

How is TB identified?

A

Testing is done through skin, blood test, or chest x-ray. Skin test is the first step and will just show if your body has ever been exposed to TB (you can be having a latent infection), if you had a positive test you’d move onto a blood test which will show you if you are having a latent or active infection.

137
Q

Who is most at risk for developing a TB infection?

A

People with HIV infection, people who have became infected with TB bacteria in the last 2 years, babies and young children, people who inject illegal drugs, the homeless population, people who are sick with other diseases that weaken the immune system, elderly people, people who were not treated correctly for TB in the past, if you have latent TB and one of the other high risk categories.

138
Q

What is the treatment for TB?

A

It is highly drug resistant, it can be very difficult to eliminate the infection. Involves a regiment of 4 antibiotics through directly observed therapy for approx a year, maybe more. PH needs to observe you taking this pill every single day for the entire year+ period. Active.
For 9 months you need to take the antibiotic (self-administered treatment). Latent

139
Q

What is public health’s role in a TB case?

A

They will call everyday to ensure that you took your TB antibiotic, if you show high compliance they might only call at the end of each week.

140
Q

What is an increasing concern with TB?

A

Drug resistance. There have been 500 000 cases of drug resistant TB.

141
Q

Is anthrax a bacteria, parasite, or virus?

A

Bacteria

142
Q

What are the 4 forms of Anthrax?

A

Cutaneous (most popular)
Gastrointestinal
Inhalation (most well known)
Injection

143
Q

Where is cutaneous anthrax found?

A

Found widely in our environment, all over the place, you can identify spores in soil, animal feed, animal carcasses. Sheep are carriers.

144
Q

How can you get gastrointestinal anthrax?

A

Eat contaminated meat. Either raw or undercooked, however, cooking the meat easily destroys the bacteria.

145
Q

What is the most deadly form of anthrax?

A

Inhalation/ breathing in the spores and it can take up to 2 months for symptoms to develop but has an 80% mortality rate.

146
Q

True or False. Anthrax can be spread person to person.

A

FALSE. There is no way for anthrax to be spread via person to person transmission.

147
Q

What are the symptoms of cutaneous anthrax?

A

A group of small blisters or bumps that may itch, swelling, a painless skin sore (ulcer), with a black center that appears after the small blisters or bumps.

148
Q

What is the incubation period of anthrax?

A

1 day- 2 months

149
Q

What are the symptoms of inhalation anthrax?

A

Fever, chills, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, confusion, dizziness, cough nausea, vomiting, stomach pains, headache, sweats, extreme tiredness, body aches.

150
Q

What is the treatment for anthrax?

A

Treated with antibiotics for 60 days, the vaccine is available for certain high risk groups. Not recommended for everyone. People involved in the military, veterinarians, farm workers, only in the range from 18-65. DO NOT USE IN CHILDREN OR PREGNANT WOMEN

151
Q

What are prevention measures for Anthrax?

A

Educate those at risk about how to protect themselves.

Contact with animals, proper ventilation.

152
Q

Why is anthrax often used for bioterrorism?

A

Spores are easily found in nature, it can be released without anyone knowing, could be put in powders, sprays, food, water, it has been used as a weapon before.

153
Q

What is the best prevention measure for STI’s?

A

Testing is the first stage to link people with treatment, care and support.
Critical to reduce the risk of long-term health effects for some infections and to prevent onward transmission.
Contact tracing for those who test positive

154
Q

How is the chlamydia bacteria spread?

A

Easily passes from one person to another by contact with body fluids during oral, anal, or vaginal sex.
Can be transmitted to the baby’s eyes during childbirth. If the mother has a severe infection during childbirth the child can develop pneumonia and other birth defects.

155
Q

True or False. Chlamydia is not infectious if there is not symptoms.

A

False

156
Q

What are the symptoms of chlamydia?

A

Men: Clear mucus-like fluid from the penis, pain or burning while urinating, itching of the urethra, complications may include an infection in the testicles→ can lead to infertility.
Woman: change in amount and colour of vaginal fluid, pain or burning when urinating, vaginal bleeding, pain during sex, extended infections can cause difficulty getting pregant, ectopic pregnancies, pelvic inflammatory disease.
Both: Pain in the rectum and bowel movements, discharge, if left untreated chlamydia may cause reactive arthritis.

157
Q

What is the treatment for chlamydia?

A

Easy treatment with antibiotics, but re-infection is common.

NO SEX of any kind during first week of antibiotics.

158
Q

What 2 STI’s are “partners in crime”?

A

Gonorrhea and Chlamydia. Gonorrhea is more reported in men, chlamydia in woman.

159
Q

How is the gonorrhea bacteria spread?

A

Easily passes from one person to another by contact with body fluids during oral, anal, or vaginal sex.
Can be passed to the baby’s eyes during childbirth and it can lead to blindness

160
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?

A

Men: Abnormal discharge from the penis, pain or burning feeling when urinating, itching or irritation in the urethra.
Woman: Early symptoms are sometimes so milk that they are mistaken for a bladder infection, change in the amount or colour of the fluid from the vagina, pain or burning feeling when urinating, abnormal vaginal bleeding or spotting between periods or after intercourse, pain in the lower abdomen, pain during vaginal sex.
In both: Infection in the rectum may cause discharge in the anus, rectal pain, mucous with stools, painful bowel movements, and redness in the anal area.
Syphilis

161
Q

How is syphilis transmitted?

A

Skin to skin contact or an exchange of bodily fluids with a person who has an infectious syphilis sore (lesion) or rash.
Can also be transmitted from mother to fetus through childbirth.

162
Q

What are the 4-stages of Syphilis?

A

Primary Stage. Painless sore can develop anywhere on your body that came into contact with a person who has a syphilis infection. The sore usually appears about 3 weeks after first contact. Secondary Stage. Starts about 2-12 weeks after getting a syphilis infection. A non itchy rash may develop. The rash can appear anywhere on your body, but is most often found on your chest, belly, genitals, palms of your hands, and soles of your feet. Other symptoms may include headache, fever, hair loss, swollen lymph nodes and bumps or mucous patches inside the mouth, anus, penis or vagina. Latent/HIdden Stage. After the rash goes away, and if you do not receive treatment. The latent period can last up to 30 years. Early latent stage- acquired in the past year, can spread the infection easily to their sex partners. Late latent stage- infection for more than 1 year. Tertiary Stage. Rare and develops in a subset of untreated syphilis infections. It can be fatal, affecting multiple organ systems, brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones, and joints.

163
Q

What is the treatment for syphilis?

A

Antibiotics, but cannot undo the damage already caused. Early screening in pregnant women is critical.

164
Q

What happens if syphilis is left untreated?

A

Life threatening complications, miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight, cause the baby to be born with syphilis.

165
Q

As a health professional what questions would you ask someone who tested positive for syphilis?

A

Are you pregnant? Do you have any preexisting conditions? Have your sexual partners been tested? Contact tracing questions.

166
Q

What is the most wide-spread sexually transmitted STI worldwide?

A

Herpes. 67% of the population worldwide has a herpes infection.

167
Q

How is herpes spread?

A

Passed from person to person by direct skin to skin contact with a person who has the virus, even if they do not have visible herpes sores.

168
Q

What is the incubation period for herpes?

A

2-21 days (6 day average) after contact.

169
Q

What are the symptoms of herpes?

A

One or more sores that look like water blisters, cuts or broken skin on the genitals, rectum, anus, and or the mouth, hands and eyes. Can painfully erupt and leave scabs that are so painful that you can feel pain down your legs, buttocks, and fever. Tired and unwell, painful urination usually last 1- 2 weeks.

170
Q

What are the two types of herpes?

A

HSV1= genitals, HSV2= oral (usually but not always)

171
Q

True or False. There is a cure for herpes.

A

False. There is no cure for herpes, but there are treatments. Antivirals, that reduce your chances of spreading, but it does not completely prevent the spread.

172
Q

What is the incubation period of HepB?

A

90 days after exposure. However, the blood is infectious many week before the first onset of symptoms.

173
Q

How is Hep B transmitted?

A

Transmitted with blood, semen, or another body fluid from a person infected with the Hepatitis B virus enters the body of someone who is not infected.

174
Q

What are the symptoms of Hep B?

A

Fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, clay coloured bowel movements, joint pain, jaundice.
Most children under 5 years and newly infected immunosuppressed adults are generally asymptomatic.

175
Q

What are prevention measures of HEP b?

A

Immunization, prenatal screening, reduce risky behaviors, harm reduction programs, screening of people coming from countries with high prevalence. There is no treatment once someone already has hep b, just antivirals, but it will not go away. There is a PEP that can go to babies who may have been exposed.

176
Q

What is the incubation period of Hep C?

A

LONG. 6-12 weeks.

177
Q

What are the symptoms of Hep C?

A

Fever, jaundice, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, joint pain, dark urine, dark stool, risk of death among patients with cirrhosis. Most people are asymptomatic, you could be spreading it to people.

178
Q

What is the treatment for Hep C?

A

There is no vaccine for Hep C. 15-25% of people will clear the virus from their bodies without treatment. But there is antivirals that can clear the virus that is extremely effective (90% of people)

179
Q

What are possible sources of infection of HEPB?

A

Injection drug use, needlestick injuries in health care settings, birth to an HCV- infected mother. Although infrequent can be spread through sex, sharing of personal items.

180
Q

What is the incubation period of HPV?

A

2-3 months

181
Q

What is the main concern with HPV?

A

Very common and it can lead to cancer. Cervical cancer, cancer of the throat, oral cavity, penis, anus, vagina, vulva.

182
Q

What is the cure for HPV?

A

There is no real cure for HPV infections, aside from removing the warts. A Lot of the symptoms are treatable, but will not remove the HPV from the body.

183
Q

What is the best way to prevent the rate of HPV infection?

A

Vaccine is the best way, but it does not protect you from all strains of HPV, just the common ones.

184
Q

Where is HIV found/how is it spread?

A

Body fluids, blood, semen, breast milk, fluids from the vagina and anus.

185
Q

What is the incubation period of HIV?

A

1-15 years

186
Q

How do aids occur from HIV?

A

HIV attacks the immune system. So aids occur when the immune system is weakened and shows that you’re in the later stages of the disease.

187
Q

True or False. HIV can also be spread through insect bites, toilet seats, kissing, or touching

A

False

188
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A

Starts with flu-like symptoms. This may include fever, headache, muscle or joint soreness, swollen glands, sore throat or rash. But symptoms vary depending on the stage of the infection.

189
Q

What is a concern with HIV?

A

Co-infection is common. Example. TB bacteria will take advantage of your weakened immune system and you can develop a raging infection that we were not able to clear. Leading cause of death in HIV is Tb.

190
Q

True or False. Synergy between medical and veterinary practices is crucial for a One Health approach.

A

True

191
Q

True or False. Ideally a case definition is 100% accurate in identifying who does and does not have a disease in question, but in reality few case definitions meet this ideal.

A

True

192
Q

Why is alveolar echinococcus a disease of public health significance?

A

There is a high mortality rate associated with it, treatment is difficult (sometimes impossible), and it is a disease well established in canadian wildlife.

193
Q

List 2 reasons when it would be appropriate to give a person rabies PEP.

A

An animal cannot be located to determine rabies status, if animal was rabid, placement of the bite

194
Q

What strain of Hepatitis has a vaccine?

A

A,B, D, E NOT C

195
Q

List 2 diseases that if acquired in pregnancy can produce complications for the infant in utero.

A

HIV, Malaria, toxoplasmosis, listeria, zikka, herpes, syphilis.

196
Q

Name 2 ways why people would particpate in risky sexual behaviour.

A

Uneducated, under the influence, consent/pressure, safe sex fatigue, more pleasure, less resources, risk perception, scared.

197
Q

How much rabies immunoglobulin and vaccine should a person receiving rabies PEP be given, and what location should it be administered?

A

The RIG is based on weight, the vaccine is administered on day zero, 3, 7 and 14. And if you are immunocompromised there is a 5th dose on day 21. The immunoglobulin is administered at the site of the bite. The vaccine does not get administered at the site of the bite or the 2 vaccines will start to fight each other and counteract. We would give the vaccine somewhere opposite.

198
Q

What method is used in investigating an outbreak of sexually transmitted infections?

A

Contact tracing

199
Q

What advice can you give to someone acquiring a hantavirus infection?

A

Wet sweep, pest control, rodents!, ppe (gloves and mask),

200
Q

What are the differences between an insect and a tick?

A

Insect (Bed Bug)

6 legs
2 antennae
3 body parts
Tick (Groundhog Tick)
Tick
8 legs
No antennae
2 body parts
201
Q

What is a main difference between male and female ticks?

A

On females, nymphs and larvae, the scutum projects from the base of the head (cephalothorax) and partially covers the abdomen. Females are larger.

On males, the scutum covers the entire abdomen, Males are smaller.

202
Q

What are the common differences between the types of ticks?

A

Black legged deer Tick: Round Scutum, red lower
Dog Tick: Off white Scutum, larger than deer ticks, dark brown bodies
Groundhog Tick: tan to reddish-tan color with a darker dorsal shield or scutum on the back (shield shape?)

Epidemiology Final Exam (1 decks)

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