Epidemiology, Community Assessment, & Health Program Planning

Question 1

the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems

Answer 1

Epidemiology

Question 2

Epidemiology is a tool for improving public health and population health. Includes:

Answer 2

• Causation of disease
• Natural history of disease
• Health status of a population

    Burden of disease
    Resource allocation
    Policy and health programs

-Intervention evaluation

Question 3

Types of Epidemiology

Answer 3

• Descriptive

- Analytic

Question 4

-focus is on frequency and patterns of health events in groups

-examines “patterns of disease”
person, place, and time

-Provides data information and insight into characteristics of a group

Answer 4

Descriptive Epidemiology

Question 5

Used to identify associations b/w risk factors and a disease

Answer 5

Analytic Epidemiology

Question 6

Epidemiologic Model

Answer 6

• Relationship among agent, host, and environment
• Strength & virulence of an agent
• Host susceptibility
• Environmental conditions

Question 7

Number of new cases of a disease, or condition developed within a specified time period

Most sensitive indicator of changing health (captures fluctuations of disease in populations)

Particularly useful in detecting short-term acute disease changes

Answer 7

Incidence Rate

Question 8

Incidence Rate Formula

Answer 8

new cases / total population at risk x K

Question 9

Number of cases of a specific disease or, condition at a particular point in time

Influenced by rate of new cases, number of existing cases, effective treatments, and death

Measure of the burden of disease

Used to plan for allocation of resources

Answer 9

Prevalence Rate

Question 10

Prevalence Rate formula

Answer 10

of existing cases / # of total population x K

Question 11

Incidence provides an ______ __ ____ for developing a disease

Answer 11

estimate of risk

Question 12

Prevalence provides a measure of the ______ __ _______ (how many people have been affected)

Answer 12

Burden of disease

Question 13

action taken to reduce or eliminate the onset, causes or, complications of disease.

Answer 13

Prevention

Question 14

• limit incidence of disease

- eliminate determinants, control exposure, and promote protective factors

Answer 14

Primary

Question 15

Early detection & intervention

Answer 15

Secondary

Question 16

improve function, minimize adverse impact

treatment & rehabilitation

Answer 16

Tertiary

Question 17

Group of people who share something in common, who interact with one another, who may exhibit a commitment to one another

Answer 17

Community

Question 18

Group of people who have at least one thing in common, who may/may not interact with one another.

Answer 18

Population

Question 19

Subgroups or populations that have common characteristics or concerns.

Answer 19

Aggregate

Question 20

Purpose - to determine the health status of an identified community/population

Includes - collection and analysis of health status data and other determinants of health

Final outcome - community profile that includes a community’s perspective on the strengths, deficits, and health related needs of their community

Answer 20

Community Assessment

Question 21

Steps to a Community Health Assessment

Answer 21

• Identification of a target community
• Selection of organizing framework (Community Assessment Wheel)
• Data Collection
• Data Analysis
• Community Nursing Diagnosis

Question 22

Community Core

Answer 22

-The people
History, demographics, ethnicity,
values & beliefs

-Major components of the core
o History
o Demographics
o Household types
o Marital status
o Vital statistics
o Values and beliefs
o Religion

Question 23

Subsystems

Answer 23

Physical environment
Health & social services
Economics
Safety & transportation
Politics & government
Communication
Education
Recreation

Question 24

Data Collection

Answer 24

Windshield survey

Observations

Informant interviews

Secondary data

Constructed surveys

Focus groups

Community forms

Question 25

U.S. Census data (demographics)

Local, county & state health departments (morbidity & mortality)

Historical accounts (websites, chamber of commerce, archives)

Crime statistics (FBI, police department)

Vital statistics (state department of health)

Community & local newspapers

Research studies on population risks

Minutes from community meetings (city hall, websites, chamber of commerce)

Answer 25

Examples of Secondary Data

Question 26

Focuses the diagnosis on a community

Composed of inference statements that include stressors & strengths

Composed of the following:

• a potential risk or health problem
• the affected population or community
• an etiology or “related to” portion
• the signs & symptoms or “as evidenced by” portion

Answer 26

Community Nursing Diagnosis

Question 27

Broad statement that describes the expected effects of a program

Specify a health problem or risk behavior

Identify the target population

Short, concise, clearly understood, and framed positively

Provide a framework for objectives

Answer 27

Program Planning: Goals

Question 28

SMART

Answer 28

Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Time-phased`

Question 29

Verification that you are doing what you said you would do

Identification of strengths & weaknesses for improvement

Produce data or vary results that can be used in policy & funding decisions

Documentation of effectiveness and duplication elsewhere

Answer 29

The “Why” Behind Program Evaluation

Question 30

“When the cook tastes the soup,

that’s formative.”

Answer 30

“When the guests taste the soup, that’s summative.”