Epidemiology, Community Assessment, & Health Program Planning Flashcards
the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems
Epidemiology
Epidemiology is a tool for improving public health and population health. Includes:
- Causation of disease
- Natural history of disease
- Health status of a population
Burden of disease Resource allocation Policy and health programs
-Intervention evaluation
Types of Epidemiology
- Descriptive
- Analytic
-focus is on frequency and patterns of health events in groups
-examines “patterns of disease”
person, place, and time
-Provides data information and insight into characteristics of a group
Descriptive Epidemiology
Used to identify associations b/w risk factors and a disease
Analytic Epidemiology
Epidemiologic Model
- Relationship among agent, host, and environment
- Strength & virulence of an agent
- Host susceptibility
- Environmental conditions
Number of new cases of a disease, or condition developed within a specified time period
Most sensitive indicator of changing health (captures fluctuations of disease in populations)
Particularly useful in detecting short-term acute disease changes
Incidence Rate
Incidence Rate Formula
new cases / total population at risk x K
Number of cases of a specific disease or, condition at a particular point in time
Influenced by rate of new cases, number of existing cases, effective treatments, and death
Measure of the burden of disease
Used to plan for allocation of resources
Prevalence Rate
Prevalence Rate formula
of existing cases / # of total population x K
Incidence provides an ______ __ ____ for developing a disease
estimate of risk
Prevalence provides a measure of the ______ __ _______ (how many people have been affected)
Burden of disease
action taken to reduce or eliminate the onset, causes or, complications of disease.
Prevention
- limit incidence of disease
- eliminate determinants, control exposure, and promote protective factors
Primary
Early detection & intervention
Secondary
improve function, minimize adverse impact
treatment & rehabilitation
Tertiary
Group of people who share something in common, who interact with one another, who may exhibit a commitment to one another
Community
Group of people who have at least one thing in common, who may/may not interact with one another.
Population
Subgroups or populations that have common characteristics or concerns.
Aggregate
Purpose - to determine the health status of an identified community/population
Includes - collection and analysis of health status data and other determinants of health
Final outcome - community profile that includes a community’s perspective on the strengths, deficits, and health related needs of their community
Community Assessment
Steps to a Community Health Assessment
- Identification of a target community
- Selection of organizing framework (Community Assessment Wheel)
- Data Collection
- Data Analysis
- Community Nursing Diagnosis
Community Core
-The people
History, demographics, ethnicity,
values & beliefs
-Major components of the core o History o Demographics o Household types o Marital status o Vital statistics o Values and beliefs o Religion
Subsystems
Physical environment Health & social services Economics Safety & transportation Politics & government Communication Education Recreation
Data Collection
Windshield survey
Observations
Informant interviews
Secondary data
Constructed surveys
Focus groups
Community forms
U.S. Census data (demographics)
Local, county & state health departments (morbidity & mortality)
Historical accounts (websites, chamber of commerce, archives)
Crime statistics (FBI, police department)
Vital statistics (state department of health)
Community & local newspapers
Research studies on population risks
Minutes from community meetings (city hall, websites, chamber of commerce)
Examples of Secondary Data
Focuses the diagnosis on a community
Composed of inference statements that include stressors & strengths
Composed of the following:
- a potential risk or health problem
- the affected population or community
- an etiology or “related to” portion
- the signs & symptoms or “as evidenced by” portion
Community Nursing Diagnosis
Broad statement that describes the expected effects of a program
Specify a health problem or risk behavior
Identify the target population
Short, concise, clearly understood, and framed positively
Provide a framework for objectives
Program Planning: Goals
SMART
Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time-phased`
Verification that you are doing what you said you would do
Identification of strengths & weaknesses for improvement
Produce data or vary results that can be used in policy & funding decisions
Documentation of effectiveness and duplication elsewhere
The “Why” Behind Program Evaluation
“When the cook tastes the soup,
that’s formative.”
“When the guests taste the soup, that’s summative.”
