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Biostat Intro To Epi > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the distribution, determinants of health problems or disease.

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

Uses of Epidemiology

A
  • for surveillance of incidence, frequency and distribution of disease.
  • to study the progression of disease
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3
Q

To study the progression of disease:

A
  • stuying risk factors

- for planning, and implementing an intervention to prevent or reduce risk or illness

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4
Q

Some leading cause of death worldwide

A
  1. Heart disease
  2. Neoplasms
  3. Cerebrovascular Disease
  4. Chronic Pulmonary Disease
  5. Accidents/Injuries
  6. Diabetis Mellitus
  7. Influenza and pneumonia
  8. Alzheimer’s Disease
  9. Nephritis
  10. Septicemia
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5
Q

The number of people whom something happened (i.e. They got sick, died, etc.)

A

Numerator

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6
Q

Total observed population or population at risk for the event

A

Denominator

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7
Q

Disease or condition that affects a greater than expected number of individuals within a population, community, or region at the same time.

A

Epidemic

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8
Q

Normal occurence of disease in a population

A

Endemic

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9
Q
  • Geographically widespread

- An epidemic that occurs in more than one continent

A

Pandemic

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10
Q

A graphic demonstration of the relationship between the agent, hosts, environment, and time.

A

Epidemiologic Triangle

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11
Q
  • Infectious (microbes-bacteria, viruses)
  • noninfectious (smoking, high bp, exposure to chemical or radiation)
  • an epidemiologist determines the primary agent, mode of transmission, geographic patterns.
A

Agent

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12
Q

-Organisms (humans, animals) that may harbor a disease.

A

Hosts

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13
Q

Factors that may affect the susceptibility of hosts:

A
  • age
  • gender
  • race/ethnicity
  • occupation
  • immune status
  • behavior
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14
Q

Favorable conditions external to the host that allow the disease to be transmitted

A

Environment

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15
Q

Examples of environment in epidemiologic triangle:

A
  • Population density
  • geography
  • season of the year
  • genetic effects/family history
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16
Q

Duration of the illness or sickness till death or recovery occurs

A

Time

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17
Q

Time between infection and appearance of symptoms occur

A

Incubation Period

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18
Q

Time between exposure and appearance of symptoms in chronic diseases

A

Latency Period

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19
Q

Mission of Epidemilogy

A

Break the triangle to prevent disease completely or control the spread of disease

  • understand what causes the disease
  • determine the groups that are likely to get the disease
  • determine the geographical factors that are conductive to the spread pf disease
  • address not just disease but mortality, hospitalization, disability, quality of life and health status
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20
Q

Understanding the disease by studying its pattern from the perspective of person, place and time.

A

Descriptive Epidemiology

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21
Q

The outcome

A

Dependent variable

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22
Q

Risk factors/ exposures

A

Independent variable

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23
Q

The study population and examples

A

Person

  • age, gender, ethnicity, genetic predisposition
  • concurrent diease, diet, exercise, smoking
  • SES, education, occupation
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24
Q

The geographical location and examples

A

Place

  • school, worksite
  • presence or agents or vectors
  • climate, geology
  • population density and economic development
  • nutritional and medical practices
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25
Q

Notion of time and examples

A

Time

  • seosonal patterns, temporal trends over time
  • calendar time, time since an event
  • physiologic cycles and age (time since birth)
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26
Q

Total no. of cases

A

Prevalence

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27
Q

Number of new cases

A

Incidence

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28
Q

Number of deaths

A

Mortality

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29
Q

Types of Prevalence

A
  • point prevalence
  • period prevalence
  • prevalence proportion
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30
Q

No. of cases at a single point in time (e.g. November 21)

A

Point prevalence

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31
Q

Point prevalence formula

A

No. of cases (point in time)
P= ————————————
Total observed population

                    x 100,000
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32
Q

No. of existing cases during a period of time (year 2019)

A

Period prevalence

33
Q

Period prevalence formula

A

No. of cases (period of time)
P= ————————————
Total observed population

                    x 100,000
34
Q

Prevalence Proportion formula

A

No. of cases
P= ————————————
Total observed population

                    x 100,000
35
Q

Cumulative Incidence fomula

A

CI =

No. of new cases (period of time)
—————————— x 100,000
No. of population at risk

36
Q

Incidence Rate or Incidence Density formula

A

IR =

  No. of new cases    —————————— x 100,000
Total no. of person-time at risk
37
Q

Prevalence and incident rate can be expressed as:

A
  • crude
  • specific
  • adjusted
38
Q

Rate from the entire population under observation

A

Crude rate (Raw rate)

39
Q

CI expressed as crude rate formula

A

No. of new cases of disease (period of time)
————————————————————
No. of population at risk

40
Q

The specific subset of the population being observed is the focus

A

Specific rate

41
Q

Under specific rate, the numerator and the denominator are both subsets of the population according to:

A
  • age
  • gender
  • occupation
  • race
  • cause specific
  • age-gender
42
Q

A rate that is mathematically transformed to provide a summary rate for an observed population after a specified characteristic is removed.
-the resulting rate is the estimated value.

A

Adjusted rate (standardized rate)

43
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of incidence and prevalence

A
  • Measure
  • Type of number
  • Units
  • Range
  • Numerator
  • Denominator
  • Major use
44
Q

Characteristics of Cumulative Incidence

A
  • type of no.: proportion
  • units: none
  • range: 0 to 1
  • numerator: new cases
  • denominator: population at risk
  • major use: research on causes prevention and treatment of disease
45
Q

Characteristics of Incidence rate

A
  • type of no.: true rate
  • units: 1/time/t^-1
  • range: 0 to infinity
  • numerator: new cases
  • denominator: person-time at risk
  • major use: research on causes prevention and treatment of disease
46
Q

Characteristics of prevalence

A
  • type of no.: proportion
  • units: none
  • range: 0 to 1
  • numerator: existing cases
  • denominator: total population
  • major use: resource planning
47
Q
  • Anything that brings about an effect or result.

- An event, condition or characteristic which plays an important role in producing the diease.

A

Cause

48
Q
  • An association between exposure and outcome.

- An alteration in the exposure in terms of frequency and quality if follwed by a change in the outcome.

A

Causal Association

49
Q

A factor that causes the problem without any intermediate step

A

Direct cause

50
Q

A factor that may cause the problem but with an intermediate factor or step

A

Indirect cause

51
Q

Attributes of a cause:

A
  • association
  • time order
  • direction
52
Q

A casual factor (x) must occur together witn the outcome (y);
There is a statisticsl dependece.

A

Association

53
Q

The cause must precede the outcome.

A

Time order

54
Q

There should be a liner relationship between the cause and effect

A

Direction

55
Q

Casuality of infectious diseases

A

Koch’s Postulates

56
Q

4 causal relationships under koch’s postulates

A
  1. An organism can be isolated from a host with the disease.
  2. The organism can be cultured in the laboratory.
  3. The organism causes the same disease when introduced to another host
  4. The organism can be re-isolated from that host.
57
Q

Bradford Hill Criteria of Assesing Causality

A
  1. Strength of Association
  2. Consistency of Association
  3. Specificity of Association
  4. Temporality
  5. Biological Gradient
  6. Plausibility
  7. Coherence
  8. Experimental Evidence
  9. Analogy
58
Q

More likely to be causal than weak associations

A

Strength of Association

59
Q

The repeatability of observation of an association in different population

A

Consistency of association

60
Q

The causal factor leads to a single effect and not multiple effect

A

Speicificity of Association

61
Q

The cause precedes the effect in time.

A

Temporality

62
Q

Increasing amount of exposure increases at risk

A

Biological Gradient

63
Q

The findings agree with currently accepted understanding of pathological processes

A

Plausibility

64
Q

A cause and effect interpretation do not conflict with the natural history and biology of the disease.

A

Coherence

65
Q

The condition can be altered by an appropriate experimental regimen

A

Experimental evidence

66
Q

Provides a source of more elaborate hypothesis about the associations under the study

A

Analogy

67
Q

A type of study that has strong ability to prove causation

A

Randomized controlled trials

68
Q

2 types of studies that has moderate ability to prove causation

A
  • Cohort studies

- Case-control studies

69
Q

3 types of studies that has weak ability to prove causation

A
  • cross-sectional studies
  • ecologic studies
  • case series and reports
70
Q

How do epidemilogists identify “cause” of disease?

A
  1. Generating and testing hypothesis.

2. Casual inference

71
Q

Under casual inference, how do we determine of the observed value is valid or true?

A

By eliminating:

  • bias
  • confounders
  • random error
72
Q

Types of Bias

A
  • Selection bias

- Information bias

73
Q

Error that arises in the process of identifying and choosing rhe study populations.

A

Selection Bias

74
Q

Misclassifications bias due to recall bias and interviewer bias.

A

Information Bias

75
Q

Refers to the mixing of effects of the exposure with that of a third factor

A

Confounding

76
Q
  • A cause that must be present for the disease to occur.
  • The disease never develops without the factor.
  • All caded of the disease are exposed to the factor.
A

Necessary Cause

77
Q
  • A set of factors or causes that inevitably results in the disease.
  • the disease always develops in the presence of a factor.
  • complete casual mechanism that inecitably produces diseases.
A

Sufficient Cause

78
Q
  • When present, it can increase the likelihood of developing the disease compared to when it is absent.
  • not necessarily a causal factor
  • if modifiable by intervention may reducy the probability of occurence of disease
A

Risk Factor

Biostat Intro To Epi (1 decks)

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