Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Foundations Oral Health 1 > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Bradford Hill Criteria for Casuality

A 
Strength of Association
Consistency
Temporality (exposure must precede occurrence)
Biological Gradient
Plausibility
Coherence
Analogy
Specificity
Experimental Evidence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of existing cases in a population exhibiting a disease or condition at a specified time or period
Point: proportion at a specific point in time
Period: proportion with pre-existing cases and new cases during period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Proportion

A

Dividing one quantity by another

Numerator included in the denominator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases of disease or condition which occur in a given time period in a population
Need initial and final examination
Cumulative: proportion of subjects under the study that get disease under observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ratio

A

Dividing one quantity by another

Numerator not in the denominator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Prevalence, ratio or proportion?

A

Proportion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Incidence, ratio or proportion?

A

Ratio

Except: cumulative incidence is proportion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Relative risk

A

Measure of association in cohort studies, incidence can be measured in them

How common disease is among those exposed

How many times more common or less common is measure of disease frequency in population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Interpret Relative Risk

A

RR = 1. (Null)
RR > 1. (Increases risk)
RR <1. (Decreases risk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Odds Ratio

A

Measure of association in case-control and cross-sectional studies, indirect estimate of the relative risk

How common is exposure in those diseased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Odds ratio interpretation

A

OR = 1 (null)
OR > 1 (exposure common)
OR < 1 (exposure uncommon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Attributable risk

A

Absolute risk difference or the percentage of cases due to a given exposure
How much does it actually do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Attributable proportion

A

Proportion of people who developed disease due to exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bias

A

Systematic error in conduct of study leading to an incorrect association estimate, not valid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Selection Bias

A

Study groups are not comparable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Information bias

A

Difference in quantity and quality of information collected from study groups

17
Q

Confounding

A

The observed relationship between the dependent and independent variables is due to a third variable (the confounder)

18
Q

Counterfactual model

A

Comparing the experience of a population exposed to a factor with experience of same population at the same time but without the exposure

19
Q

Ways to control confounding

A

Randomization/restriction
Matching
Analysis

20
Q

Descriptive studies

A

General characteristics of distribution —> used in planning

Human subject study

21
Q

Types of descriptive studies

A

Case reports/series
Co-relational or ecologic
Cross-sectional

22
Q

Case reports/series

A

No controls so cannot ascertain causation

Look at what happened

23
Q

Co-relational or ecologic

A

Individual level exposure not available (study populations)

24
Q

Cross-sectional

A

Done at one point in time so temporality is not known, causation cannot be ascertained
Snapshot

25
Q

Cohort studies (risk rate)

A

Follow exposed and unexposed people over time
Observational
Subjects identified/classified on independent aka predictor variable

Prospective: follow subjects without disease (see if get)
Retrospective: both exposure/disease have occurred in past, follow lives

26
Q

Case control studies (odds ratio)

A

Identify people with disease and suitable non disease individuals as control, must be similar in most respects except that they do not have the disease
Study based on dependent (outcome variable)
Incidence cannot be measured
NEED to have the controls have the same exposure opportunity as cases
Retrospective

27
Q

Experimental studies/clinical trials

A

Researcher assigns exposure, highest level of epidemiological evidence
Blinding and randomization

28
Q

Reliability

A

Getting the same result

29
Q

Validity

A

Freedom form the systemic error such as bias

30
Q

Internal validity

A

The study was done without any methodological problems

31
Q

External validity

A

Study accurately reflecting events that would occur in real situation

32
Q

Meta-Analysis and Systematic Reviews

A

Studies of studies
Compares many studies together to provide highest level of evidence
Resolves uncertainty when reports disagree
Goals: limit bias, improve reliability, improve accuracy

Foundations Oral Health 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions