Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Blood Module > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the causative agents of malaria?

A

P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax and P.knowlesi. Of these, P. falciparum and P. vivax are the most prevalent, and P. falciparum is the most dangerous, with the highest
rates of complications and
mortality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the reservoir of malaria?

A

Humans are the only resorvoir for most cases ( this is one important element that Malaria was chosen for eradication).
–P. knowlesi has
recently been recognized to be a
cause of significant numbers of
human infections. P. knowlesi is a species that naturally infects
macaques living in Southeast Asia (zoonnotic).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the modes of transmission of malaria?

A
  • Vector transmission: Infected female anopheles mosquitoes.
  • Direct transmission: malaria may be induced accidentally by hypodermic intramuscular and intravenous infections of blood or plasma e.g., blood transfusion, malaria in drug addicts.
  • Congenital malaria: congenital infection of the newborn from an infected mother
    (Transplacental).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the incubation period for malaria?

A

Varies with species
average 2 week up to one month ( Fever occuring less than a week from exposure is not Malaria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the period of communicability for malaria?

A

Not commuicable directly except through blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe malaria distribution in egypt

A

Situation in Egypt:
There is a possibility
of introduction of
cases coming from
outside of Egypt
especially from Sudan
through cruise boats
and other commerce in
between

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the risk factors of malaria?

A

a) Age: Any age. But Newborn are more resistant to malignant Malaria due to high HbF

b) Race and genetic factors:
* Plasmodium falciparum is mild in races with high case rate of HbS hemoglobinopathies e.g. (Sickle cell trait) [black race].
*Also Black Africans show resistance to P vivax in case of absent Duffy factors in RBCs

c) Pregnancy:
*increase the risk of malaria among women
*increase the risk of premature labor, SB and abortion and congenital malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

General prevention of malaria

A
  1. Health education (especially for
    travelers):
  2. Remaining in well-screened
    areas.
  3. Using mosquito nets.
  4. Wearing clothes that cover most
    of the body.
  5. Mosquito repellents like N,N
    diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET )
  6. Pyrethrum spray in living and
    sleeping areas.
  7. Importance of
    chemoprophylaxis.
  8. Environmental sanitation
    * Vector control
    * International Measures : Disinsectization of aircraft before
    departure from endemic areas
    and upon arrival if necessary.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Specific prevention (Travelers to chloroquine sensitive areas)

A

–Travelers to chloroquine
sensitive areas:
(All of Africa is choroquine
resistant)
Drug: Chloroquine

Dosage:
a. Weekly dosage.
b. Start 1-2 weeks
before travel, during
stay till 4 weeks after
leaving.

Contraindication
-Epilepsy, Psoriasis
-Can be given in
pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Specific prevention (Travellers to chloroquine resistant areas)

A

–Travellers to chloroquine
resistant areas
Drug: Mefloquine

Dosage
a. Weekly dosage.
b. Start 1-2 weeks before
travel , during stay till 4
weeks after leaving.

Contraindications
1. Patient with
seizures.
2. Heart arrhythmias.
3. Pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

specific prevention (In case
mefloquine resistance)

A

Doxycycline

Dosage
a. Daily dosage.
b. Start 1-2 days before
travel, during stay till 4
weeks after leaving.

Contraindications
1. Children <8 years*
2. Pregnancy and lactation

Atavaquone + proguanil

Dosage
a. Daily dose
b. Start 1-2 days before
travel, during stay till 7
days after leaving

Contraindications
Pregnancy and lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

specific prevention (In case of P
ovale or vivax prophylaxis and
in situations of long stay)

A

Primaquine

Dosage
a. Daily dose
b. Start 1-2 days before
travel, during stay till 7
days after leaving

Contraindications
1. G6PD deficiency
(normal function must
be assured before giving
the drug)
2.Pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the malaria precautions regarding children?

A

Children are not advised to go to malarious areas as the
pediatric formulas may be not available and dosage
calculation may be difficult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is standby treatment?

A

it is self administered treatment that can be taken for travellers when no medical attention is
available or for use under medical supervision after a
confirmed malaria diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are some control procedures for malaria?

A

A) Measures to cases:
1- Notification: Local health
authority-→WHO.
2- Isolation: Blood precautions.
3- Disinfection
4- Treatment:

  • B) Measures to contacts:
    Listing of all sharing blood
    (addicts)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what factors enhance iron absorption?

A

1) Gastric HCl aids in ferric ion reduction to ferrous
2) Vitamin C
3) Phytic acid, oxalates and phosphates
4) Low iron stores and increased erythropoietic activity
5) Infancy, adolescence and anemia - Increased demand

17
Q

What factors inhibit iron absorption?

A
    1. Presence of phytates (present in wheat and cereals), and tannins
      (tea).
    1. Health status: infections and
      malabsorption decrease iron
      absorption.
18
Q

how is junk food related to iron deficiency?

A
  • Junk food: may be related to iron deficiency anemia as it contains less iron and causes obesity.
    Obesity increases Hepcidin Levels.

Hepcidin expression is induced by iron stores and inflammation and is suppressed by hypoxia and anemia.
High Hepcidin Levels Lower Iron Levels

19
Q

what is Hepcidin?

A

Hepcidin is a small, cysteine-rich cationic peptide produced by hepatocytes, secreted into plasma, and excreted in urine.

20
Q

what are the dietary sources of iron?

A

Haem iron: present in meat, fish, poultry , blood products,
liver, kidney, heart. Bio availability is high.

Non haem iron: found in varying degrees in all foods of plant
origin e.g. molases (richest source), yellow lentils, beans, dark green leafy vegetables. It is less absorbed than haem-ir

21
Q

how prevalent is anemia and what are the groups at risk?

A
  • Infants and Preschool children: more Prevalent in
    Rural Areas
  • Adolescents
  • Woman of childbearing age
    particularly pregnant and
    lactating women
    *Anemia in Pregnancy: The
    early stages of anemia in
    pregnancy are often without
    symptoms. However, as the
    hemoglobin concentration
    falls, oxygen supply to vital
    organs declines, and the
    expectant mother begins to
    complain. Anemic mothers do not tolerate blood loss to the same extent as healthy
    women (postpartum hemorrhage).
22
Q

Describe the first step of the anemia control program (supplementation)

A

Supplementation:
* Giving Iron as medications
To: Pregnant – Lactating –
School children

The success of this step depends on:
1) Adequate population coverage of target groups
2) Effective education and motivation of recipients
3) Training of health personnel

23
Q

Describe the last step of the anemia control program (fortification)

A

Fortification:
* Adding Iron to food
* Examples: Milk – Wheat flour

24
Q

Describe the second step of the anemia control program (dietary modifications)

A

Dietary modifications:
It consists of 2 basic parts:

a. Correct the under-nutritional status: as when energy needs are fully met, the total iron
consumption is increased. This is a simple approach especially in rural areas.

b. Quality of iron ingested and absorbed should be improved:
- Increase ascorbic acid content of diet (eating fruits and vegetables)
- Reduce ingestion of inhibitors of absorption
- In weaning, foods prepared should be rich in Vit C and iron
- Importance of breast milk for infant (iron in breast milk is highly absorbable)

25
Q

Describe the third step of the anemia control program (infection control)

A

Infection Control:
a. Control of viral, bacterial and parasitic infections contributes to the iron status even if there is no increase in dietary iron consumption.

b. Provision of safe water and
environmental sanitation will decrease diarrheal diseases which affects iron absorption.

c. Treatment of parasitic infestations e.g. ancylostoma, necator, giardia.

d. Sick children should be properly fed (change the wrong believes of rural families where they avoid proper nutrition to sick children: semi- starvation state)

26
Q

Types of G6PD deficiency

A
  1. Type A: common in
    American blacks. The
    enzymatic activity is 5-15% of
    the normal and leads to less
    severe hemolytic attacks.
  2. Type B: common in
    Mediterranean area. The
    enzymatic activity is less than
    5% of normal and leads to
    severe hemolytic attacks and
    death may occur in severe
    cases
27
Q

what are the risk factors of G6PD deficiency?

A
  • Consanguinity plays a major role in the incidence of this disease.
  • It affects males more than females
  • Exposures that lead to hemolytic attacks are: fava beans and certain drugs (oxidizing agents) such as:
    Antipyretics (Aspirin), Anti- malarial drugs, Sulfonamides,
    Chloramphenicol, and
    Naphthalene.
28
Q

How is G6PD deficiency prevented?

A
    1. Early diagnosis ( Genetic counseling and screening may be of value for positive family history)
    1. Health education of the parents of children with G6-PD disease for prohibiting the previous drugs that causes hemolysis.
    1. Epidemiologic surveillance
29
Q

what is thalassemia?

A
  • Thalassemia is a group of
    inheritable autosomal linked
    – recessive anemia due to
    genetic defects and diminished synthesis of one of the hemoglobin polypeptide chains.
  • The most common type is
    Beta thalassemia
    (Mediterranean Sea anemia).
    Alpha thalassemia is common
    in Asia
30
Q

what is beta thalassemia?

A

*High incidence in Arab countries in general.
-It is the most common cause of chronic hemolytic anemia in children commonly present after the 6th month of age.

  • Risk Factors: consanguineous marriage
31
Q

how is thalassemia prevented?

A
    1. Premarital counseling, genetic counseling, neonatal screening and screening for carrier.
    1. Health education about the hazards of consanguinity.
    1. Tertiary prevention: Rehabilitation programs
32
Q
A

Blood Module (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions