epidemiology Flashcards
preventive and social medicine
scientific discipline
study disease in the community to acquire knowledge for the health care of the society
epidemiology
first epidemiologist
hippocrates
founder of demography
john graunt
founder of medical statistics and modern surveillance
william farr
core epidemiological functions
- public health surveillance
- field investigations
- analytic studies
- evaluation
- linkages
- policy development
development of disease over time
absence of treatment and intervention
starts from exposure until outcome occurs
natural history and spectrum of disease
persons who are infectious
subclinical disease
carriers
time of disease initiation
induction
time of symptoms
incubation
time of detection - non communnicable
infectiousness - communicable
latency
disease that occurs infrequently or irregulary
sporadic
constant presence or usual prevalence of disease within an area
endemic
persistent high levels of disease occurrence
hyperendemic
sudden increase in number of cases of disease in the population
epidemic
same as epidemic but within for limited area
outbreak
epidemic that spread over several countries or continents
pandemic
quantify how useful a test is for a given disease or condition
measures of diagnostic efficiency
individuals with the disease who test positively
diagnostic sensitivity
individuals without disease who test negatively
diagnostic specificity
probability that subject with positive result truly has the disease
positive predictive value (PPV)
doesn’t have the disease will be tested negative
negative predictive value (NPV)
sensitivity
TP/TP+FN
specificity
TN/TN+FP
PPV
TP/TP+FP
NPV
TN/FN+TN
information for action
ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data
monitor pulse of the community
public health surveillance
requires coordinated efforts of dozens of people
often lead to identification of additional unreported or unrecognized ill persons
field investigation
