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Public Health Epidemiology > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Odds Ratio?

A

Ratio of odds of exposure in the diseased group to odds of exposure in the control group (ad/bc from 2x2 contingency table).

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2
Q

What is Relative Risk?

A

Proportion of the absolute risk of disease in exposed group to the absolute risk of disease in unexposed group (a/(a+b) divided by c/(c+d)from 2x2 contingency table) aka incidence of disease in exposed/incidence of disease in unexposed group.

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3
Q

What is Attributable Risk?

A

Attributable Risk is the difference between the risk of disease in exposed group and risk of disease in unexposed group (a/(a+b) minus c/(c+d) from 2x2 contingency table).

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4
Q

What is incidence of a disease?

A

The occurrence of new cases of a disease in a population during a specified time period

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5
Q

What is prevalence of a disease?

A

The total number of existing cases [new + old] of a disease in a population at a specific time point [day or time; aka Point Prevalence] or during a specified time period [month or year; aka Period Prevalence]

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6
Q

What are 2 main types of epidemiological studies?

A

Descriptive and Analytical

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7
Q

What are the 3 essential components studied in descriptive epidemiology?

A

Time, place, and person/animal

[who, what, when, where]

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8
Q

True or False: Observational studies are always only descriptive?

A

False; Observational studies can be descriptive and or analytical/experimental

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9
Q

What are 2 types of analytical studies?

A

Observational and Experimental

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10
Q

What are 2 types of analytical observational studies?

A

Cohort (prospective & retrospective)

and Case control (retrospective)

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11
Q

Name 2 types of experimental analytical studies?

A

Clinical trials and

Community trials/ecological studies.

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12
Q

What are primary determinants of a disease?

A

Factors which can exert a major effect in inducing a disease (e.g. and infectious agent causing an infectious disease)

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13
Q

What are secondary determinants of a disease?

A

Predisposing, enabling and or reinforcing factors

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14
Q

What is infectivity of a microorganism?

A

The ability of a micro-organism to infect, survive and multiply within a host
(No of index cases/no of population at risk)

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15
Q

Pathogenicity of a micro-organism refers to?

A

The capacity to cause disease; depends on agent properties such as toxin production, tissue damaging enzymes etc.
(number of disease cases/total number infected)

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16
Q

What is virulence of a micro-organism?

A

Virulence is the ability to produce serious illness or death, indicated by fatality rate.

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17
Q

What is an epidemic curve?

A

Is a histogram displaying the number of cases [y-axis] of an illness by date of illness onset [x-axis}

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18
Q

What information does an epidemic curve provide?

A

Outbreak information on pattern of spread, magnitude, outliers, time trend, incubation period of an illness.

19
Q

What is the threshold level of an epidemic?

A

The minimum population density required to allow a contact transmitted epidemic to commence
(epidemic occurs when population density is above the threshold level)

20
Q

Which measure determines the epidemic threshold level?

A

Basic reproduction number R0; epidemic occurs at R0 > 1

21
Q

Parasite population will only establish in community if?

A

R0 > 1

22
Q

Name 6 epidemiological disease patterns?

A

sporadic, endemic, hyper-endemic, epidemic, outbreak, and pandemic

23
Q

What is a sporadic disease pattern?

A

Disease occurrence at irregular intervals (time and space)

24
Q

Describe an endemic?

A

Occurrence of a disease in a defined population at the usual rate, at moderately regular intervals.

25
Q

What is a hyper-endemic disease pattern?

A

Gradual increase in the occurrence of a disease at rates above the endemic level but at epidemic proportions.

26
Q

Describe an epidemic?

A

Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease, above the expected levels of disease occurrence for a population in a specific area.

27
Q

What is an outbreak?

A

Outbreak is an epidemic of a smaller magnitude or geographic extent

28
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

Is an epidemic that has crossed international boundaries and has spread across continents.

29
Q

Prevalence = ?

A

Incidence x Duration

30
Q

How to calculate crude death rate?

A

(Total # of deaths from all causes in one year) / (# of persons in the population @ midyear)

31
Q

Age-Specific Mortality Rate

A

Total # of deaths from all causes in one year for a specific age/age group / Total # of people in that specific age group @ midyear

32
Q

Cause-Specific Mortality Rate?

A

Total # of deaths from a specific disease in one year/Total # people in the pop. @ midyear)

33
Q

Case Fatality Rate (CFR)?

A

Total # of deaths d/t a disease during a specific time period/ Total # of individuals with the specified disease; calculated mostly for acute diseases

34
Q

Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR)?

A

Observed # of deaths per year/ Expected # of deaths per year

35
Q

What is sensitivity of a test?

A

The ability of the test to correctly identify those who HAVE the disease

TP / (TP + FN)

36
Q

Sensitivity of a test if aka?

A

True Positive Rate; TP rate

37
Q

What is specificity of a test?

A

The ability of the test to correctly identify those who DO NOT HAVE the disease

TN / (TN + FP)

38
Q

Specificity of a test if aka?

A

True Negative Rate; TN rate

39
Q

How is positive predictive value of a test defined?

A

The probability that an individual who tests positive truly has the disease

PPV= TP/(TP + FP)

40
Q

How is negative predictive value of a test defined?

A

The probability that an individual who tests negative truly does not has the disease

NPV= TN/(TN + FN)

41
Q

true or false: PPV depends on prevalence of a disease in population.

A

True

42
Q

How can PPV be calculated if sensitivity (SN), specificity (SP) of a test as well as prevalence of disease in a population are known?

A

PPV= (SN) (Prevalence)/ (SN) (Prevalence) + (1-SP) (1-Prevalence)

43
Q

How can NPV be calculated if sensitivity (SN), specificity (SP) of a test as well as prevalence of disease in a population are known?

A

NPV= (SP) (1-Prevalence)/ (SP) (1-Prevalence) + (1-SN) (Prevalence)

Public Health Epidemiology (2 decks)

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