EPIDEMIOLOGY Flashcards
Concerned with the course of disease in an individual
patient
Primary Care Physician
is a public health scientist, who is
responsible for carrying out all useful
and effective activities needed for
successful epidemiology practice
Epidemiologist
Goals of the epidemiologist
To limit disease, injury, and death
in a community by intervening
to prevent or limit outbreaks or epidemics
of disease and injury
study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified population and the application of this study to control health problems
Epidemiology
anything that affects the well-being of a population
Health-related states or events
• “Father of Medicine”
• Suggested the relationship between
the occurrence of disease & the
physical environment (300 B.C.)
Hippocrates
– Few advances in epidemiology – Epidemics
Plague, leprosy, smallpox, malaria, syphilis, yellow fever
Spiritual Era
Who traced the cases to the docks where ships arrived from tropical ports (Philadelphia)
Dr. Benjamin Rush
Who discovered the yellow fever
mosquito
Walter Reed
What is the name of the causative agent of yellow fever mosquito?
Aedes aegypti
When did cholera became epidemic in London?
1849
Who solved the cholera outbreak?
Dr. John Snow
What did Dr. John Snow do?
Removed pump handle
He discovered “Germ theory of disease” and
Principle of pasteurization
Louis Pasteur
In 1883, who discovered Vibrio cholerae
& many other bacteria?
Robert Koch
3 Types of Epidemiology
- Descriptive epidemiology
- Analytical epidemiology
- Experimental epidemiolog
This type of epidemiology describes the distribution of health status in
terms of: age, gender, race, geography, time
etc.
Descriptive Epidemiology
What type of epidemiology studies of the determinants (causes) of
health-related states or events
Analytical Epidemiology
What type of epidemiology evaluates the effects of intervention
Experimental Epidemiology
This is kind of epidemiology is assessing health status, health
problems, health needs through
collections & surveys
Descriptive Epidemiology
Answers: why and how
Analytical Epidemiology
What type of epidemiology identifies the cause of a disease
Experimental Epidemiology
The disease surveillance of this type of epidemiology is this: • what (case definition) • who (person) • where (place) • when (time), and • how many (count)
Descriptive Epidemiology
What field of epidemiology tests hypotheses about relationships between health problems & possible risk factors, factors that increase that increase the probability of disease
Analytical Epidemiology
This type of epidemiology determines the effectiveness of a
vaccine, therapeutic drug, or surgical
procedure
Experimental Epidemiology
Classes of research questions
- occurrence
- (causal effects, etiology
- diagnostics
- intervention
effects - prognosis
- patient
experiences
any susceptible organism invaded by
an agent
HOST
the element that must be
present in order for disease to occur
AGENT
– includes all factors –
physical, biological, or social – that inhibit or
promote disease transmission
ENVIRONMENT
Influenced by exposure, susceptibility or
response to agents
INTRINSIC FACTORS/risk factors
Types of immunologic experiences
Active & Passive
This is – prior to
infection/immunization
Active
This is maternal
antibodies, gamma
globulins
Passive
What are the AGENTS OF DISEASE
- Nutritive elements
- Chemical agents
- Physical agents
- Infectious agents
These are the Parasites, Protozoa, Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses
INFECTIOUS AGENTS
What kind of agents are poisons and allergens
CHEMICAL AGENTS
These are the Heat, Light, Ionizing Radiation
PHYSICAL AGENTS
About excess
and deficiencies
NUTRITIVE ELEMENTS
Influence existence of the agent, exposure, or
susceptibility to agent
EXTRINSIC FACTORS
What are environmental factors?
- Physical
- Socioeconomic Environment
- Biological
Inanimate surroundings
PHYSICAL FACTORS
Occupation, urbanization and disruption
SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
What kind of environmental factors are living things around us?
BIOLOGICAL
Organize data according to the variables o
TIME
PERSON
PLACE
This variable refers both to the period of exposure to the
source of infection & the period during
which the illness occurred
TIME
Characteristics of the individual (exposed &
contacted the infection)
PERSONS
What are the variables below the “Persons”?
AGE & SEX AND OCCUPATION
Features, factors or conditions in the
environment where the disease occurred
PLACE
What are the different Patterns of Disease Occurrence & Distribution
- Sporadic Diseases
- Endemic Diseases
- Epidemic Diseases
- Pandemic Diseases
Intermittent occurrence of a few isolated &
unrelated cases in a given locality
Sporadic Diseases
an unexpectedly large number of cases of
disease in a particular population in relatively
short period of time
Epidemic Diseases
a disease that occur regularly in a population
with the usual number of cases in a given
locality
Endemic Diseases
Disease outbreaks in animal populations
Epizootics
More acute and serious problem
Epidemic Diseases
an outbreak of disease over a wide geographical
area such as a continent
Pandemic Diseases
Disease outbreaks involving both animals and
humans
Epizoodemic
Rabies (cases scattered throughout the country)
Sporadic Diseases
Schistosomiasis in Leyte & Samar, Filariasis
in Sorsogon
Endemic Diseases
Bird Flu
Epidemic Diseases
Bubonic plague, St. Louis encephalitis (but
later become epidemics)
Epizootics
Disease outbreaks involving both animals and
humans
Epizoodemic
systematic approach of obtaining, organizing &
analyzing numerical facts so that conclusion may be drawn from
them.
Statistics
systematic study of vital events such as births,
illnesses, marriages, divorce, separation & deaths.
Vital Statistics
What indicate the health of a community and th success or failure of health work?
Statistics of morbidity & mortality
Where do births and deaths are registered?
Office of the Local Civil Registrar of the municipality or city
What are the uses of vital statistics?
Indices (point out) of the health & illness status of a
community
Serves as basis for planning, implementing, monitoring
& evaluating community health programs & services
Vital statistics
What are the sources of standardized data?
- Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Reports (MMWR)
- National Health Surveys
- Philippine Census
- Statistical Abstract of the Philippines
- Vital Statistics
Meaning of FHSIS
Field Health Services & Information
System
Meaning of MMWR
Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Reports
What are the phases/activities in epidemiology?
- studies the distribution of disease within populations
- makes comparisons
- makes inferences/conclusions
- seeks disease prevention
What phase/activity in epidemiology answers the qs “How much of the population is affected? Who among
them are affected? When are they affected? Where
does this occur?”
studies the distribution of disease within populations
What phase/activity in epidemiology compare the characteristics of affected and non-affected?
makes comparison
This phase/activity analyzes exposed and non-exposed by retrospective and prospective methods
makes inferences/conclusions
this phase develop insights on prevention from observations on communities
seeks disease prevention
This phase/activity in epidemiology can diagnose or asses the source of the problem of the population
makes inferences/conclusions
This is systematic approach of obtaining, organizing and analyzing numerical facts so that conclusion may be drawn from them
statistics
this is a systematic study of vital events such as births, illnesses, marriages, divorce, separation and deaths
vital statistics
