Epidemiological&Social aspects of Heart Disease Flashcards
what is heart disease?
Umbrella term that describes all diseases of the heart and circulation (heart disease includes everything from conditions that are inherited, or born with, to those that are develop later such as coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, stroke and vascular dementia)
Heart disease is a major public health issue. Wales Together for Health Report 2016 - Fewer people suffering/dying from heart disease. How can we improve?
- Late diagnosis (too many people diagnosed via emergency routes)
- Improve access to diagnostic tests
- Improve treatment times
- Quicker access to cardiac rehabilitation
- Tackling lifestyle risks (also inequalities to services & outcomes)
what are the modifiable risk factors for heart disease?
- Quit smoking
- high blood pressure
- High intake of lipids
- Lack of physical activity
- Obesity
- Poor diet
- Excess alcohol
- Controlled/uncontrolled diabetes
what are the non-modifiable risk factors for heart disease?
Advancing age (e.g over 50)
Being born male sex at birth
South Asian or Afro-Caribbean ethnicity
Family history of heart disease, e,g hypercholesterolemia
what is primary intervention?
- Identify those who are at higher risk of a
condition - Often asymptomatic and unaware
- Modify risk factors – lifestyle / behaviours
and medical
what is secondary intervention?
- Identify those who have already had a
condition identified or event - Modify risk factors – lifestyle/behaviours
and medical
According to QRISK3, if patients have a 10% or greater risk of developing CVD in the next 10 years, what should GPs do?
Drug intervention - GPs should give Atorvastatin 20mg for people with a 10% or greater risk of developing CVD within the next 10 years.
What is recommended for patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes?
They should be offered 20mg atorvastatin for primary prevention of CVD.
What dosage of atorvastatin may be needed for patients with established CVD?
Patients may need to be offered 80mg atorvastatin.
What should GPs discuss with patients before starting statin treatment?
The benefits of changes to lifestyle.
How should the risk of developing CVD be estimated?
Using the QRISK3 assessment tool.
What are women more likely to experience following a cardiac event compared to men?
Women are more likely to experience depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and psychosomatic complaints.
What social factor do women face more than men after a cardiac event?
Women are more likely to have lower social support.
How does physical activity differ between women and men after a cardiac event?
Women engage in lower levels of physical activity.
What is the risk for women related to coronary heart disease (CHD)?
Women are at higher risk for negative outcomes related to CHD.
How do women utilize cardiac rehabilitation programs compared to men?
Women consistently underutilize and are more likely to drop out of cardiac rehabilitation programs.
What is the definition of race?
Race is defined as “a category of humankind that shares certain distinctive physical traits.”
How is the term ethnicities defined?
The term ethnicities is more broadly defined as “large groups of people classed according to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or background.”
What is ‘Race’ usually associated/linked with?
‘Race’ is usually associated/linked with biology and linked with physical characteristics such as skin colour or hair texture.
What is ‘Ethnicity’ linked with?
‘Ethnicity’ is linked with cultural expression and identification.
Which group has the highest risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD)?
South Asians have the highest risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), followed by Europeans and then African Caribbean.
Which group has the highest risk of stroke?
African Caribbean have the highest risk of stroke, followed by South Asians and then Europeans.
what are the outcomes of CVD for South Asians?
Less likely to receive timely care
Less likely to receive investigations
Less likely to receive interventions
What is intersectionality regarding CVD and risks?
“Variations in health and ill-health experiences between and within ethnic groups are not simply determined by culture and ethnicity but arise from the coalescence of complex factors such as migration, cultural adaptation, racism,
reception by the host community, socio-economic influences and prevailing societal ideologies
