EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES

Question 1

• describes
• more exploratory
• profiles characteristics of groups
• focuses on “what”
• assumes no hypothesis
• no comparison between groups over time

Answer 1

descriptive

Question 2

• explains
• more explanatory
• analyzes why group has
  characteristics
• focuses on “why”
• assumes hypothesis
• comparison between
  groups over time

Answer 2

analytical

Question 3

Study of:
- amount or occurrence of disease
- its distribution within the population
- for the purpose of identifying non-random variation in disease occurrence

Answer 3

descriptive study

Question 4

1st step in risk factor determination

Answer 4

DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

Question 5

data lead to formulation of research hypothesis

Answer 5

DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

Question 6

sources of data: routinely collected

Answer 6

DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

Question 7

uses of descriptive study:

Answer 7

• trend analysis
• health care planning
• hypothesis generation

Question 8

types of descriptive study:

Answer 8

• Ecologic (Correlational Studies)
• Case Report & Case Series
• Cross-Sectional Studies (Prevalence Studies)

Question 9

• correlational or aggregate studies
• measures the characteristics that represent entire population
• comparison of groups rather than individuals
• describes disease in relation to a factor of interest

Answer 9

ecologic study

Question 10

compare rate of diseases among different regions during same period search for spatial pattern

Answer 10

multi group design

Question 11

• compare rate of disease over time in geographically defined population
• show temporal trends, forecast future rates and trends

Answer 11

time-trend design

Question 12

describes the experience of a single patient or group of patients with similar diagnosis

Answer 12

Case Reports & Case Series

Question 13

• document unusual medical occurrences
• represents first clues in the identification of new disease or adverse effects of exposures
• new syndromes or variants of known disease

Answer 13

Case Report

Question 14

• collection of individual reports
• early means to identify the presence of an epidemic
• investigation of affected individuals can lead to hypothesis generation

Answer 14

Case Series

Question 15

• exposure (e) and outcome/ disease (d) variables are measured at one point in time or over a very short period of time

Answer 15

cross-sectional studies

Question 16

provides information about the frequency and characteristics of the disease by furnishing a “snapshot” of the health experience of the population at a specified
time

Answer 16

cross-sectional studies

Question 17

group of people who share a common experience
during defined time period

Answer 17

cohort

Question 18

group or groups of persons are defined on the basis of presence or absence of exposure to a suspected risk factor of a disease

Answer 18

cohort study

Question 19

also known: follow-up studies, incidence studies, prospective studies, longitudinal studies, panel studies

Answer 19

cohort study

Question 20

sources of datas in cohort study:

Answer 20

• exposure
• outcome

Question 21

probability of E is greater than in
those with D+ than D-

Answer 21

case-control studies

Question 22

steps in case-control studies:

Answer 22

1. define and select cases
2. definition and selection of control
3. ascertainment of exposure
4. analysis
5. data collection
6. analysis

Question 23

investigator manipulates the exposure assigned to the participants in the study

Answer 23

Experimental Studies

Question 24

investigators intervenes in one group and withholds intervention in another group

Answer 24

Experimental Studies

Question 25

aim is to reduce variation in the outcome attributable to
extraneous factors and accounting accurately for the remaining extraneous variation

Answer 25

Experimental Studies

Question 26

characteristics of experimental studies:

Answer 26

1. analytical study, involves a test hypothesis
2. prospective
3. random allocation of study subjects
4. comparison group

Question 27

classification of experimental studies:

Answer 27

1. According to Type of Subjects/ Unit of Analysis
2. According to Purpose
3. According to Treatment Modality