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z Epidemiology - Cumulative Bitch > Epi MT 1-3 > Flashcards

Epi MT 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

  • define
  • Greek breakdown
A

Study of occurece & distribution of health-related events in specified populations

Epi = upon
Demo = man
Logos = study
“That which befalls man”

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2
Q

Epidemiology

-importance

A

ID/classify/plan for disease control, causal factor, PHI, allocation of resources

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3
Q

History

  • investgated/associated environmental factors with disease (400BC)
  • germ theory
  • demography - statistical study of pop’s based on vital statistics
A

Hippocrates

Girolamo Fracastorius

John Graunt

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4
Q

History

  • first clinic trial on scurvy
  • first modern census - classification of disease leads to ICD codes (int’l classification of diseases)
A

James Lind

William Farr

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5
Q

History

  • in 1800’s studied Cholera
  • made what discovery about it
  • point of talking about this, according to professor
A

John Snow

Water-involved spread (contaminated water -> fecal-oral route)

Didn’t know anything about biology of the disease, based entirely on observational data

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6
Q

Disease trends over time

-early vs late 20th century deaths

A

Early - communicable diseases (pneumonia, flu, TB)

Late - chronic diseases (CV, DM, cancer)

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7
Q

Define endemic

A

Habitually/chronically present

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8
Q

Define incidence

A

New cases

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9
Q

Define clinical epidemiology

A

Application of epidemiology to improve clinical care

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10
Q

Name of the large-scale cohort studies of mid-late 20th century (4)

A

Framingham
Beaver Dam
Blue Mountiains
Rotterdam

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11
Q

Life expectancy

  • from 1900-1950 vs 1950-2004
  • since 2015
A

1900-1950 = huge difference

1950-2004 = little difference

Since 2015 = US life expectancy has declined for first time since 1993
-attributable to multiple causes, but NOT cancer

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12
Q

Epidemiological triad

-3 things & definitions

A

Host - infected by agent

Agent - factor necessary for disease to occur
(E.g. microorganism, radiation, chemical substance)

Environment - extrinsic factor, affects agent & opportunity for exposure

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13
Q

Direct transmission

  • define
  • examples
  • eye example
A

Immediate transfer of agent thru portal of entry

Person-person, touching, kissing, mucus membranes (conj), animal bites, trans-placental

Chlamydial trachomatis - adult-inclusion conjunctivitis

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14
Q

Indirect transmission

  • define
  • examples
A

Transmitted via vector or vehicle

Vector = animate carrier
-e.g. malaria, lyme

Vehicle = inanimate carrier
-e.g. cholera (water), e coli (food)

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15
Q

Malaria

  • worldwide issue
  • since 2000
A

Most deadly vector-borne disease

Significant decrease in incidence and deaths due to vector control (insecticide-treated mosquito nets)

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16
Q

Lyme

  • USA issue
  • geography
A

Most common vector-borne disease in USA

Geographical location follows vector distribution

17
Q

Reservoir

  • define
  • examples
A

Habitat the agent dependson for survival and growth

E.g. contact lenses, clothing, utensils

18
Q

Define epidemic

A

Occurence of disease in a region in excess of normal expectancy, derived from a common source
(E.g. HIV outbreak in Southern Indiana, syphilis in Florida)

19
Q

Define outbreak

A

Same as epidemic, but more localized area

20
Q

Define pandemic

A

An epidemic occuring over a wide area (countries or continents)

21
Q

Define endemic

A

Habitual presence of a disease within a geographical area

22
Q

Epidemic classifications

  • exposure to a common infectious agent
  • sudden/rapid increase in cases, more gradual decrease
  • e.g. cholera, *Hep A from food, leukemia after A-bomb
A

Common source

23
Q

Epidemic classifications

  • transmitted from one person to another
  • gradual rise and fall
  • can last years/decades
  • e.g. flu, measles, TB, AIDS, Hep B
A

Propagated (host-host)

24
Q

Epidemic characterizations
-pathogenicity/virulence
—define
—equation

A

Ability of the agent to cause detectable disease (how “strong” the agent is)

= (# with clinical illness)/(# infected)

25
Q

Epidemic characterizations
-case-fatality rate
—equation

A

= (# deaths)/(#infected within a certain period)

26
Q

Epidemic
-reporting
—CDC program for infectious surveillance system
—if requiring quarantine

A

NNDSS - national notifiable diseases surveillance system

WHO

27
Q

Incubation period

  • define
  • affects
A

Time bw receipt of infection to illness

Spread of disease

28
Q

Standard precautions

  • formerly
  • purpose
  • barrier method
  • use
A

Universal precautions

Prevent transmission, esp diseases acquired thru bodily fluid (NOT including tears, sweat)

Gloves, goggles, face shield

All pts, regardless of infectious/symptomatic

29
Q

Population

  • define
  • examples
A

All people in a defined setting or with certain characteristics

Age, sex, race, behaviors (smokers), occupation, etc.

30
Q

Incidence rate

  • equation
  • what is measures
A

= (# of new cases)/(# of total people at risk)

How fast a disease is occuring

31
Q

Define prevalence

A

Number of people with a disease (old and new) in a specified population at a specified time

32
Q

Point prevalence

  • equation
  • what it describes
A

= (# of people with a disease)/(total # of people)

A rate - period prevalence is the same, but during a time period

33
Q

Incidence vs prevalence

A

I: new cases

P: snapshot of a population at a point of time
-affected by how long someone has the disease - can incr with better tx (DM and insulin) or decr thru death/cure

34
Q

Morbidity vs mortality

A

Morbidity: illness or state of having a disease

Mortality: death

35
Q

Mortality rate

  • equation
  • usually given per
A

= (# deaths in population during a specified time)/(# of people in a population during the period)

Per 100k people

36
Q

Trends

-for death rates 2015-2016, top 10 causes all decreased EXCEPT (3)

A

Unintentional injuries, Alzheimers, suicide

37
Q

Crude rates

  • equation
  • influenced by
A

= (# of cases)/(# of persons)

Many factors - including age of population

38
Q

Adjusted rates

  • why use
  • application examples
A

Allow for better comparisons in what is measured by removing confounding factors (such as difference in ages of populations)

Glaucoma, cataracts, and heart disease have higher rates in older populations

39
Q

Crude vs adjusted rates example = if more people are alive/living longer in 2014 than 2000, __ rates will automatically be higher while __ may not be

A

Crude

Adjusted

  • crude rates incr
  • when adjusted for age/accounting for the fact that people are living longer, there is actually a slight decr

z Epidemiology - Cumulative Bitch (2 decks)

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