Epi Final Exam Flashcards
Epidemiology is the study of (3 D’s)
distribution, determinants, and dynamics of disease in a population
Name 5 approaches to epidemiology
quantitative medical ecology herd health clinical epidemiology descriptive
Which historical figure is credited with controlling the Rinderpest outbreak using testing and depopulation
Lancisi
which historical figure determined that cholera was caused by contaminated water and not “bad air”
John snow
Which historical figure is credited with compiling the bills for mortality into a census (first demographer)
John Graunt
Which historical figure was the first veterinarian to graduate from cornell and also became head ot the bureau of animal industries?
Daniel salmon
Which historical figure worked with Kilbourne to discover that Texas Cattle fever was a tick-borne disease?
Theobald smith
Which historical figure was involved with determining how yellow fever was transmitted?
Dr. Walter Reed
What is syndromic surveillance?
determining the presence of a disease before an actual diagnosis is made
(i.e. if the sale of Tamiflu is going up, there must be flu outbreaks occurring)
What are the steps of the epidemiologic cycle?
identify problem collect info formulate hypothesis observe classify information collect data process/analyze data solve problem (OR find a new problem)
The purposeful use of microorganisms or toxins derived from living organisms to cause death or disease in humans, animals, or plants in civilian setting
Bioterrorism
Describe a category A bioterrorism agent; give 3 examples
highest priority;
easily disseminates, high mortality
anthrax, plague, smallpox
Describe a category B bioterrorism agent; give 3 examples
moderately easy dissemination, moderate mortality
brucellosis, glanders, Q fever, viral encephalitis
Describe a category C bioterrorism agent; give 2 examples
high mortality; possible future use
Nipah virus and Hanta virus
Name the 4 classifications of zoonotic diseases by transmission cycle
meta-zoonoses
direct zoonoses
cyclo-zoonoses
sapro-zoonoses
life cycle requires biological transmission by invertebrate host
Meta-zoonoses
transmission from infected vertebrate to human by contact, vehicle, or mechanical vector
Direct zoonoses
transmission cycle requires more than one vertebrate host
cyclo-zoonoses
non-animal site serves as the true reservoir for the agent
sapro-zoonoses
Concerning temporal disease patterns, define:
1) sporadic
2) epidemic
3) endemic
4) diurnal
1) occurs rarely and w/o regularity
2) occurrence of a disease in a population in EXCESS of what is normally expected
3) occurs with predictable regularity (habitual presence)
4) changes that occur over a short period of time
Concerning temporal disease patterns, define:
1) cyclic
2) seasonal
3) secular
1) periodic changes over several years (due to fluctuations in population immunity)
2) occurs one time of the year, every year
3) gradual change over a long period of time
What are the two types of epidemics?
Common source (all people infected at once)
Propagated (infectious disease that spreads)
Ability of an agent to replicate and cause disease in its host
pathogenicity
Virulence=severity of the disease
Animal use and level of husbandry are what type of host determinants?
Extrinsic
intrinsic= sex, breed, age, species, etc
What are the 3 most allergy-inducing animals?
rat urine
guinea pigs
cats (dander & saliva)
Which tick species is associated with tick related meat allergies?
Amblyoma americanum (lonestar tick)
Most common bacteria isolated from animal bites?
Pasteurella multocida
Medical name for cat scratch disease?
Subacute regional lymphadenitis
Name 2 risk factors for Caponocytophagia
1) splenectomy
2) alcohol abuse
The term for:
1) rabies virus ascending the nerves to reach spinal cord
2) rabies virus descending to salivary glands
1) centripetal
2) centrifugal
Bite, contact, inhalation, and ingestion of rabies are all what type of transmission?
Horizontal, direct transmission
Can rabies be transmitted vertically (in utero)
Yes (skunks…timing matters)
Concerning Herpes B Virus (Cercopithecine herpes 1):
1) reservoir host
2) risk to humans
1) Macaque
2) fatal infections in humans
An effective mechanism to decontaminate soil infected with anthrax spores?
5% lye
Which group of individuals is at highest risk from erysipeliod
aquatic animal handlers
Most important reservoir host for lepto?
Rats
survives longest in rat and swine urine
T/F: there is a vaccination available against lepto for BOTH dogs and cows
True!
A shipment of giant Gambian rats to the US was associated with outbreak of what disease?
Monkey pox
Proper solution to disinfect when monkey pox is suspected
0.5% sodium hypocholorite
List the progression of pox virus lesions
papule–>vesicle–>pustule–>crust
Which hepatitis virus is zoonotic? Animal most commonly associated with transmission to humans?
Hepatitis A
Chimpanzees
Primary source of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis?
Pets (cats and dogs)
Ocular larval migrans can immitate what disease?
Human retinoblastoma
Which is more severe in humans:
1) zoonotic scabies
2) human scabies
Human scabies–burrows deeper
other is self-limiting
Systematic errors in a study that lead to a false conclusion
bias
Distortion of the effect of an exposure of interest because it is mixed with effect of an extraneous factor
Confounding
Name the 4 different types of probability sampling
simple random
systematic
stratified random
cluster
Name 3 advantages and disadvantages for prospective cohort studies?
A:
1) establish incidence
2) true relative risk
3) assess more than 1 outcome
D:
1) expensive (takes time)
2) small number of determinants
3) time (delayed results)
Name 1 advantage and 2 disadvantages for retrospective case control studies
A:
1) inexpensive/quick
D:
1) information not available
2) time sequence unknown
Which animals are involved in URBAN echinococcosis
1) E. granulosus
2) E. multilocularis
1) dog–sheep
2) dog/cat–rodents
Which animals are involved in SYLVATIC echinococcosis
1) E. granulosus
2) E. multilocularis
1) wolf–moose
2) fox—rodent
Which systemic mycoses are associated with:
1) waterways
2) bird droppings
3) rodent burrows/deserts
1) blastomycoses
2) histomycoses & cryptococcosis
3) coccidioidomycosis
Name the term:
1) how reproducible a test is
2) ability of a test to give you a true measure of disease presence
1) reliability
2) accuracy
How does decreasing disease prevalence affect predictive value positive?
decreases it
Positive serology + non-specific agglutinins =
false positive
Define:
1) sensitivity
2) specificity
1) ability to give a positive result when animal is disease
2) ability to give a negative result when the animal is NOT diseased
Name 3 diseases associated with tick species Ixodes scapularis
Lyme disease
anaplasmosis
babesiosis
Primary tick spp. responsible for tick borne relapsing fever
Ornithodoros hermisii
Pathognomonic sign for lyme disease in humans?
erythema migrans (target lesion)
Most common signs of RMSF in humans?
High fever
Rash
Nausea
Arthralgia (joint pain)
Which type of Tularemia is limited to north america and causes more serious disease in humans?
Type A
*Reservoir–rabbits & ticks
Less fatal than Type A, Type B tulerima is associated with what types of animals?
non-rabbit mammals (usually water/aquatic animals)
Name 3 tick spp. associated with tulerima transmission
1) Dermacenter variabilis
2) D. andersoni
3) Ambyloma americanum
Sentinel chickens and wild bird mist netting are useful surveillance tools for?
Arthropod borne encephalitides
Which parasite causes Chagas disease
Trypanosoma cruzi
Briefly describe how chagas disease is transmitted
Reduviid bites for blood meal and also defecates on the skin, when you scratch, you move the feces into the wound (feces contains the parasite)
Most important flea vector for plague in US?
Oropsylla montana
