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Epi & Food Safety > Epi Final Exam > Flashcards

Epi Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Epidemiology is the study of (3 D’s)

A

distribution, determinants, and dynamics of disease in a population

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2
Q

Name 5 approaches to epidemiology

A 
quantitative
medical ecology
herd health
clinical epidemiology
descriptive
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3
Q

Which historical figure is credited with controlling the Rinderpest outbreak using testing and depopulation

A

Lancisi

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4
Q

which historical figure determined that cholera was caused by contaminated water and not “bad air”

A

John snow

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5
Q

Which historical figure is credited with compiling the bills for mortality into a census (first demographer)

A

John Graunt

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6
Q

Which historical figure was the first veterinarian to graduate from cornell and also became head ot the bureau of animal industries?

A

Daniel salmon

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7
Q

Which historical figure worked with Kilbourne to discover that Texas Cattle fever was a tick-borne disease?

A

Theobald smith

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8
Q

Which historical figure was involved with determining how yellow fever was transmitted?

A

Dr. Walter Reed

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9
Q

What is syndromic surveillance?

A

determining the presence of a disease before an actual diagnosis is made

(i.e. if the sale of Tamiflu is going up, there must be flu outbreaks occurring)

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10
Q

What are the steps of the epidemiologic cycle?

A 
identify problem
collect info
formulate hypothesis
observe
classify information
collect data
process/analyze data
solve problem (OR find a new problem)
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11
Q

The purposeful use of microorganisms or toxins derived from living organisms to cause death or disease in humans, animals, or plants in civilian setting

A

Bioterrorism

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12
Q

Describe a category A bioterrorism agent; give 3 examples

A

highest priority;
easily disseminates, high mortality

anthrax, plague, smallpox

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13
Q

Describe a category B bioterrorism agent; give 3 examples

A

moderately easy dissemination, moderate mortality

brucellosis, glanders, Q fever, viral encephalitis

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14
Q

Describe a category C bioterrorism agent; give 2 examples

A

high mortality; possible future use

Nipah virus and Hanta virus

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15
Q

Name the 4 classifications of zoonotic diseases by transmission cycle

A

meta-zoonoses
direct zoonoses
cyclo-zoonoses
sapro-zoonoses

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16
Q

life cycle requires biological transmission by invertebrate host

A

Meta-zoonoses

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17
Q

transmission from infected vertebrate to human by contact, vehicle, or mechanical vector

A

Direct zoonoses

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18
Q

transmission cycle requires more than one vertebrate host

A

cyclo-zoonoses

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19
Q

non-animal site serves as the true reservoir for the agent

A

sapro-zoonoses

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20
Q

Concerning temporal disease patterns, define:

1) sporadic
2) epidemic
3) endemic
4) diurnal

A

1) occurs rarely and w/o regularity
2) occurrence of a disease in a population in EXCESS of what is normally expected
3) occurs with predictable regularity (habitual presence)
4) changes that occur over a short period of time

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21
Q

Concerning temporal disease patterns, define:

1) cyclic
2) seasonal
3) secular

A

1) periodic changes over several years (due to fluctuations in population immunity)
2) occurs one time of the year, every year
3) gradual change over a long period of time

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22
Q

What are the two types of epidemics?

A

Common source (all people infected at once)

Propagated (infectious disease that spreads)

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23
Q

Ability of an agent to replicate and cause disease in its host

A

pathogenicity

Virulence=severity of the disease

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24
Q

Animal use and level of husbandry are what type of host determinants?

A

Extrinsic

intrinsic= sex, breed, age, species, etc

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25
Q

What are the 3 most allergy-inducing animals?

A

rat urine
guinea pigs
cats (dander & saliva)

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26
Q

Which tick species is associated with tick related meat allergies?

A

Amblyoma americanum (lonestar tick)

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27
Q

Most common bacteria isolated from animal bites?

A

Pasteurella multocida

28
Q

Medical name for cat scratch disease?

A

Subacute regional lymphadenitis

29
Q

Name 2 risk factors for Caponocytophagia

A

1) splenectomy

2) alcohol abuse

30
Q

The term for:
1) rabies virus ascending the nerves to reach spinal cord

2) rabies virus descending to salivary glands

A

1) centripetal

2) centrifugal

31
Q

Bite, contact, inhalation, and ingestion of rabies are all what type of transmission?

A

Horizontal, direct transmission

32
Q

Can rabies be transmitted vertically (in utero)

A

Yes (skunks…timing matters)

33
Q

Concerning Herpes B Virus (Cercopithecine herpes 1):

1) reservoir host
2) risk to humans

A

1) Macaque

2) fatal infections in humans

34
Q

An effective mechanism to decontaminate soil infected with anthrax spores?

A

5% lye

35
Q

Which group of individuals is at highest risk from erysipeliod

A

aquatic animal handlers

36
Q

Most important reservoir host for lepto?

A

Rats

survives longest in rat and swine urine

37
Q

T/F: there is a vaccination available against lepto for BOTH dogs and cows

A

True!

38
Q

A shipment of giant Gambian rats to the US was associated with outbreak of what disease?

A

Monkey pox

39
Q

Proper solution to disinfect when monkey pox is suspected

A

0.5% sodium hypocholorite

40
Q

List the progression of pox virus lesions

A

papule–>vesicle–>pustule–>crust

41
Q

Which hepatitis virus is zoonotic? Animal most commonly associated with transmission to humans?

A

Hepatitis A

Chimpanzees

42
Q

Primary source of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis?

A

Pets (cats and dogs)

43
Q

Ocular larval migrans can immitate what disease?

A

Human retinoblastoma

44
Q

Which is more severe in humans:

1) zoonotic scabies
2) human scabies

A

Human scabies–burrows deeper

other is self-limiting

45
Q

Systematic errors in a study that lead to a false conclusion

A

bias

46
Q

Distortion of the effect of an exposure of interest because it is mixed with effect of an extraneous factor

A

Confounding

47
Q

Name the 4 different types of probability sampling

A

simple random
systematic
stratified random
cluster

48
Q

Name 3 advantages and disadvantages for prospective cohort studies?

A

A:

1) establish incidence
2) true relative risk
3) assess more than 1 outcome

D:

1) expensive (takes time)
2) small number of determinants
3) time (delayed results)

49
Q

Name 1 advantage and 2 disadvantages for retrospective case control studies

A

A:
1) inexpensive/quick

D:

1) information not available
2) time sequence unknown

50
Q

Which animals are involved in URBAN echinococcosis

1) E. granulosus
2) E. multilocularis

A

1) dog–sheep

2) dog/cat–rodents

51
Q

Which animals are involved in SYLVATIC echinococcosis

1) E. granulosus
2) E. multilocularis

A

1) wolf–moose

2) fox—rodent

52
Q

Which systemic mycoses are associated with:

1) waterways
2) bird droppings
3) rodent burrows/deserts

A

1) blastomycoses
2) histomycoses & cryptococcosis
3) coccidioidomycosis

53
Q

Name the term:

1) how reproducible a test is
2) ability of a test to give you a true measure of disease presence

A

1) reliability

2) accuracy

54
Q

How does decreasing disease prevalence affect predictive value positive?

A

decreases it

55
Q

Positive serology + non-specific agglutinins =

A

false positive

56
Q

Define:

1) sensitivity

2) specificity

A

1) ability to give a positive result when animal is disease

2) ability to give a negative result when the animal is NOT diseased

57
Q

Name 3 diseases associated with tick species Ixodes scapularis

A

Lyme disease
anaplasmosis
babesiosis

58
Q

Primary tick spp. responsible for tick borne relapsing fever

A

Ornithodoros hermisii

59
Q

Pathognomonic sign for lyme disease in humans?

A

erythema migrans (target lesion)

60
Q

Most common signs of RMSF in humans?

A

High fever
Rash
Nausea
Arthralgia (joint pain)

61
Q

Which type of Tularemia is limited to north america and causes more serious disease in humans?

A

Type A

*Reservoir–rabbits & ticks

62
Q

Less fatal than Type A, Type B tulerima is associated with what types of animals?

A

non-rabbit mammals (usually water/aquatic animals)

63
Q

Name 3 tick spp. associated with tulerima transmission

A

1) Dermacenter variabilis
2) D. andersoni
3) Ambyloma americanum

64
Q

Sentinel chickens and wild bird mist netting are useful surveillance tools for?

A

Arthropod borne encephalitides

65
Q

Which parasite causes Chagas disease

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

66
Q

Briefly describe how chagas disease is transmitted

A

Reduviid bites for blood meal and also defecates on the skin, when you scratch, you move the feces into the wound (feces contains the parasite)

67
Q

Most important flea vector for plague in US?

A

Oropsylla montana

Epi & Food Safety (2 decks)

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