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Epidemiology Principles > Epi > Flashcards

Epi Flashcards

0
Q

Reproductive number

A

R0=Bcd

probability of transmission
Avg number of contacts per unit time
Avg duration of infectiousness

Rt=bcd*proportion susceptible

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1
Q

Infectious disease epidemiologic triad

A

Agent, environment, host

Characteristics:
virulence, pathogenicity, infectivity
Weather, geography, crowding, food
Age, sex, nutrition

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2
Q

Epidemic curve

A

Distribution of disease by time of onset

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3
Q

incubation period

A

Time of infection to time of onset of symptoms

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4
Q

Latency period

A

Time of infection to time of infectiousness

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5
Q

Herd immunity

A

Resistance of a group to infection

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6
Q

Type I error

A

Finding an association when there is none ALPHA

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7
Q

Type II error

A

Finding no association when there is BETA

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8
Q

Power

A

1 - Beta, Correctly finding an association when there is an association, usually 80%

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9
Q

Error of concern when confidence level is close to null value

A

Random error or lack of precision

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10
Q

What does wide or narrow CI tell you?

A

Sample size

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11
Q

95% Confidence Interval

A

When a study has been repeated 100 times, 95% of the time, the CI would contain the real population measure of interest

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12
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in the human population and the application of the study to control health problems

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13
Q

Types of variables

A

Categorical/nominal, ordinal, continuous

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14
Q

Decreasing prevalence means…

A

More people are cured

More people died

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15
Q

Morbidity vs Mortality monitoring

A
  • early id of problem
  • but more events to track, spectrum of disease, difficult to ID and count, Less complete
  • Fewer events to track, ID impt health problems, very complete
  • but Far downstream in the disease process, tip of iceberg, cause of disease misclassification
16
Q

Case Fatality Rate

A

Number of people who die from disease within the people who have the disease, expression as per 100,000 population

17
Q

Annual Mortality Rate

A

number of deaths in the year over population at mid year, expressed as percentage

18
Q

Case Reports and Case series: impt and limitations

A

Importance: Early detection of unusual occurrence, preliminary source of information for potential
Limitations: No comparison group, Small sample size, no exposure collected

19
Q

Observational vs Experimental Studies

A
  • Exposure is assigned in experimental, assignment is randomized, maximize control, expensive and maybe unethical
20
Q

Descriptive vs analytic studies

A

Descriptive: burden and patterns, no direct inference to causality, first impt clues about causes
Analytic: hypothesis stated and tested, associations betwee E and D to understand cause

21
Q

Name some descriptive studies

A

cross sectional, case series, case report

22
Q

Cross-sectional studies

A

snapshot, planning, but no temporal order, NHANES

23
Q

Purpose of surveillance

A

est magnitude of problem, geographic distribution, detect epidemics, evaluate control measures, monitor infectious agents, detect changes in health practice, facilitate planning

24
Q

Pearson’s correlation

A

parametric (outcome is continuous and normally distributed)

25
Q

Spearman r

A

non-parametric,discrete, ordered

26
Q

Instrumental Variable, mendelian randomization studies

A

predictors of exposure like genes

27
Q

Attack rate

A

sick / # exposure to agent

28
Q

3 Biases

A

Selection Bias, Information bias, confounder

29
Q

How to adjust for measurement error?

A

blinding, triangulate, validated measures

30
Q

How to adjust for confounder?

A

randomization, instrumental variable, matching, restriction at design stage
weighted average, propensity score, multivariate analysis at analysis stage

31
Q

Selection bias

A

selecting participants not independent of exposure OR loss to f/u at different rates

32
Q

Confounding definition

A

Unequal distribution of another cause of disease between exposed and unexposed

33
Q

Koch’s POstulates

A

microorganism must be found in all suffering
must be isolated and grown in pure culture
should cause disease when introduce to healthy organism
reisolated from the inoculated, and ID as being identical to the original agent

34
Q

Hill and Doll

A

Cigarette smoking

35
Q

Hill’s causal viewpoints

A
  • strength of assc
  • consistency
  • specificity
  • time sequence
  • biological gradient
  • plausibility
  • coherence
  • experimental
  • analogy
36
Q

dose response, biological gradient

A

dose response, threshold effect, ceiling effect

37
Q

Association and causation

A

assoc - being able to predict one based on the other

causation - without one, the disease may not happen or will happen at a later time

Epidemiology Principles (1 decks)

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