EPI

Question 1

screening: pop

Answer 1

has to matter to population
must have high risk group
early intervention with positive impact

Question 2

screening test

Answer 2

sensitive and specific
test must be acceptable
minimal risk
diagnostic work up for positive test must be tolerable
false positive pt - no harm for screening

Question 3

screening outcomes

Answer 3

decreased death, morbidity, interventions

Question 4

lead time bias

Answer 4

increase in survival as measured form dx to death w/o actually lengthening life (just dx’ed earlier)

Question 5

length biased sampling

Answer 5

the impression that detecting cancers through screening causes cancers to be less dangerous, when the reality is that less dangerous cancers are simply more likely to be detected by screening

Question 6

match to decrease ______ bias

Answer 6

confounding

Question 7

PICO

Answer 7

population/pt/problem
intervention
comparison
outcome

Question 8

OR=1

Answer 8

no association btwn exposure and outcome

Question 9

OR >1

Answer 9

harmful, exposure associated with increased odds of outcome

Question 10

OR <1

Answer 10

protective, exposure associated with decreased odds of outcome

Question 11

P Value signif

Answer 11

P < .05

Question 12

Incidence

Answer 12

new cases

new drops of h20 in sink

Question 13

“well”

Answer 13

people at risk

Question 14

Incidence equ

Answer 14

new cases/ # of people at risk (/time)

Question 15

attack rate equ

Answer 15

new cases in pop @ risk / # persons @ risk in population

Question 16

mortality rate equ

Answer 16

of deaths / # ppl @ risk of death (denominator includes the “well ppl”

Question 17

case fatality rate equ

Answer 17

of deaths per cases/ # of cases (denominator would be the prevalence)

Question 18

mortality rate

Answer 18

drops down the sink drain

Question 19

prevalence

Answer 19

“snapshot” picture of population (sink) at a certain time

Question 20

prevalence equ

Answer 20

of ppl with dz/ population @ specific time

Question 21

prevalence helps with…

Answer 21

Burden - helps direct resources.

Question 22

4 types of foreground questions

Answer 22

intervention
dx
harm
prognosis

Question 23

statistical power

Answer 23

ability to detect the true difference btwn groups

Question 24

type 1 error

Answer 24

rejected when it is right

Question 25

type 2 error

Answer 25

kept (failed to reject) when it’s wrong

Question 26

Risk equ

Answer 26

of outcome/ (exposed) or (unexposed)

Question 27

RR

Answer 27

R(exposed)/R(unexposed)

Question 28

Relative risk

Answer 28

is the ratio of the probability of an event occurring

Question 29

RR = 1

Answer 29

exposure not related to outcome
null
exposed = unexposed

Question 30

RR > 1

Answer 30

exposure increases risk of death

Question 31

RR < 1

Answer 31

exposure decreases risk of death

Question 32

sensitivity

Answer 32

tp/tp+fn

Question 33

specificity

Answer 33

tn/tn+fp

Question 34

NPV

Answer 34

tn/tn+fn

Question 35

PPV

Answer 35

tp/tp+fp

Question 36

case series bias

Answer 36

investigator bias

Question 37

ecological drawback

Answer 37

ecological fallacy - cant make conclusions for population based on individuals

Question 38

cross sectional bias

Answer 38

recall

Question 39

case control bias

Answer 39

selection, no randomization

Question 40

cohort bias

Answer 40

selection bias, particpant drop out